See also:

• KURILES (Jap. Chishima, " thousand islands ")

KURILES (See also:

• JAP

Jap. Chishima, " thousand islands ")  , a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of small islands belonging to See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, stretching in a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-easterly direction from Nemuro See also:

• BAY

Bay, on the extreme See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• YEZO

Yezo, to Chishima-kaikyo (See also:

• KURILES (Jap. Chishima, " thousand islands ")

Kuriles Strait), which separates them from the southernmost point of See also:

• KAMCHATKA

Kamchatka . They extend from 440 45' to 50° 56' N. and from 145° 25' to 156° 32' E . Their coasts measure 1496 m.; their See also:

• AREA

area is 6159 sq. m.; their See also:

• TOTAL

total number is 32, and the names of the eight See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal islands, counting from the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, are Kunashiri, Shikotan, Etorofu (generally called Etorop, and known formerly to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe as Staten Island), Urup, Simusir, Onnekotan, Paramoshiri (Paramusir) and Shumshiri . From Noshapzaki (Notsu-no-See also:

• SAKE

sake or Notsu Cape), the most easterly point of Nemuro See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, to Tomari, the most See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly point in Kunashiri, the distance is 71 m., and the Kuriles Strait separating Shumshiri from Kamchatka is about the same width . The name " Kurile " is derived from the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian kurit (to See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke), in allusion to the active volcanic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• GROUP

group . The dense fogs that envelop these islands, and the violence of the currents in their vicinity, have greatly hindered exploration, so that little is known of their physiography . They See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie entangled in a vast See also:

• NET

net of See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed; are the resort of innumerable birds, and used to be largely frequented by See also:

• SEALS

seals and sea-otters, which, however, have been almost completely driven away by unregulated See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting . Near the south-eastern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Kunashiri stands a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain called Rausunobori (3005 ft. high), See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round whose See also:

• BASE

base See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur bubbles up in large quantities, and hot springs as well as a hot stream are found . On the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west coast of the same island is a boiling See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, called Ponto, which deposits on its See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed and round its shores See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, consisting almost entirely of pure sulphur . This island has several lofty peaks; Ponnobori-See also:

• YAMA (Sanskrit " twin," in allusion to his being twin with his sister Yami, traditionally the first human pair)

yama near the eastcoast, and Chachanobori and Rurindake in the north . Chachanobori (about 7382 ft.) is described by Messrs See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

Chamberlain and See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason as " a See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone within a cone, the inner and higher of the two being—so the natives say—surrounded by a lake." The island has extensive forests of conifers with an undergrowth of ferns and flowering See also:

• PLANTS

plants, and bears are numerous . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PORT

port of Kunashiri is Tomari,onthesouthcoast .

The island of Shikotan is remarkable for the growth of a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo (called Shikotan-chiku), having dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown spots on the See also:

• CANE

cane . Etorofu has a coast-See also:

• LINE

line broken by deep bays, of which the principal are Naibo-wan, Rubetsu-wan and Bettobuwan on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SHORE

shore and Shitokap-wan on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern . It is covered almost completely with dense See also:

• FOREST

forest, and has anumberof streams abounding with See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon . Shana, the chief port, is in Rubetsu Bay . This island, the principal of the group, is divided into four provinces for administrative purposes, namely, Etorofu, Furubetsu, Shana and Shibetoro . Its mountains are Atosha-nobori (4035 ft.) in Etorofu; Chiripnupari (5009 ft.) in Shana; and Mokoro-nobori (3930 ft.) and Atuiyadake (3932 ft.) in Shibetoro . Among the other islands three only See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call for See also:

• NOTICE

notice on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their altitudes, namely, Ketoi-jima, Rashua-jima and Matua-jima, which rise to heights of 3944, 3304 and 5240 ft. respectively . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—Not much is known about the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines . By some authorities See also:

• AINU (" man ")

Ainu colonists are supposed to have been the first settlers, and to have arrived there via Yezo; by others, the earliest corners are believed to have been a hyperborean tribe travelling southwards by way of Kamchatka . The islands themselves have not been sufficiently explored to determine whether they furnish any ethnological evidences . The See also:

• PRESENT

present population aggregates about 4400, or o1 per sq. m., of whom about 600 are Ainu (q.v.) . There is little disposition to emigrate thither from Japan proper, the number of settlers being less than too annually .

See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The Kurile Islands were discovered in 1634 by the Dutch navigator See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin de Vries . The three southern islands, Kunashiri, Etorofu, and Shikotan, are believed to have belonged to Japan from a remote date, but at the beginning of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the Russians, having conquered Kamchatka, found their way to the northern See also:

• PART

part of the Kuriles in pursuit of See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-bearing animals, with which the islands then abounded . Gradually these encroachments were pushed farther south, simultaneously with aggressions imperilling the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese settlements in the southern See also:

• HALF

half of See also:

• SAKHALIN, or SAGHALIEN

Sakhalin . Japan's occupation was far from effective in either region, and in 1875 she was not unwilling to conclude a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention by which she agreed to withdraw altogether from Sakhalin provided that See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia withdrew from the Kuriles . An officer of the Japanese See also:

• NAVY

navy, Lieut . Gunji, See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• TOKYO (or TOKIO, formerly called Yedo)

Tokyo with about See also:

• FORTY

forty comrades in 1892, his intention being to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement on Shumshiri, the most northerly of the Kurile Islands . They embarked in open boats, and for that See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, as well as because they were going to constitute themselves their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country's extreme outpost, the enterprise attracted public See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . After a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long struggle the immigrants became fairly prosperous . See Capt . H . J . See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow, Notes on the Kurile Islands (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896) .