KURRAM  , a See also:

• RIVER

river and See also:

• DISTRICT

district on the See also:

• KOHAT

Kohat border of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Frontier See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . The Kurram river drains the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern flanks of the Safed Koh, enters the plains a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles above See also:

• BANNU

Bannu, and joins the See also:

• INDUS

Indus near Isa-Khel after a course of more than 200 miles . The district has an See also:

• AREA

area of 1278 sq. m.; pop . (1901), 54,257 . It lies between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the Turis, a tribe of See also:

• TURKI

Turki origin who are supposed to have subjugated the See also:

• BANGASH

Bangash Pathans five See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years ago . It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a See also:

• FINE

fine background is afforded by the dark See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh . The beauty and See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the valley attracted some of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul emperors of See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi, and the remains exist of a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden planted by Shah Jahan . Formerly the Kurram valley was under the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• KABUL

Kabul, and every five or six years a military expedition was sent to collect the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at See also:

• FREE

free quarters on the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . It was not until about 1848 that the Turis were brought directly under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of Kabul, when a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor was appointed, who established himself in Kurram . The Turis, being Shiah Mahommedans, never liked the Afghan See also:

• RULE

rule . During the second Afghan See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, when See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• ROBERTS, DAVID (1796-1864)
• ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL

Roberts advanced by way of the Kurram valley and the Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent him every assistance in their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and in consequence their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence was granted them in 1880 . The See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the Kurram valley was finally undertaken by the See also:

• BRITISH

British government, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the Turis themselves, in 1890 .

Technically it ranks, not as a British district, but as an agency or administered area . Two expeditions in the Kurram valley also require mention: (1) The Kurram expedition of 1856 under Brigadier See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

Chamberlain . The Turis on the first See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the Kohat district by the British had given much trouble . They had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to harry the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance, and frequently attacking Bangash and See also:

• KHATTAK

Khattak villages in the Kohat district . Accordingly in 1856 a British force of 4896 troops traversed their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good conduct . (2) The Kohat-Kurram expedition of 1897 under See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel W . Hill_ During the frontier risings of 1897 the in-habitants of the Kurram valley, chiefly the Massozai See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Orakzais, were infected by the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general excitement, and attacked the British See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp at Sadda and other posts . A force of 14,230 British troops traversed the country, and the tribesmen were severely punished . In See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Curzon's reorganization of the frontier in 1900-1901, the British troops were withdrawn from the forts in the Kurram valley, and were replaced by the Kurram See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia, reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the See also:

• TURI

Turi tribe .