See also:

• LABIATAE (i.e. " lipped," Lat. labium, lip)

LABIATAE (i.e. " lipped," See also:

• LAT

Lat. labium, See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip)  , in See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, a natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed-See also:

• PLANTS

plants belonging to the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series Tubiflorae of the See also:

• DICOTYLEDONS

dicotyledons, and containing about 150 genera with 2800 See also:

• SPECIES

species . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority are See also:

• ANNUAL

annual or perennial herbs inhabiting the temperate See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, becoming shrubby in warmer climates . The See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem is generally square in See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section and the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple exstipulate leaves are arranged in decussating pairs (i.e. each pair is in a See also:

• PLANE

plane at right angles to that of the pairs immediately above and below it) ; the blade is entire, or toothed, lobed or more or less deeply cut . The plant is often hairy, and the hairs are frequently glandular, the secretion containing a See also:

• SCENT

scent characteristic of the genus or species . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in the axils of the leaves or bracts; they are rarely solitary as in Scutellaria (See also:

• SKULL

skull-cap), and generally See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an apparent whorl (verticillaster) at the See also:

• NODE (Lat. nodus, a loop)

node, consisting of a pair of cymose inflorescences each of which is a simple three-flowered dichasium as in Brunella, See also:

• SALVIA

Salvia, &c., or more generally a dichasium passing over into a pair of monochasial cymes as in Lamium (fig . I), Ballota, Nepeta, &c . A number of whorls may be crowded at the See also:

• APEX

apex of the stem and the subtending leaves reduced to small bracts, the whole forming a raceme- or spike-like inflorescence as in Mentha (fig . 2, 5) Brunella, &c.; the bracts are sometimes large and coloured as in Monarda, species of Salvia, &c., in the latter the apex of the stem is sometimes occupied with a cluster of sterile coloured bracts . The See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower is remarkably See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform (fig . 1, 3); it is bisexual, and zygomorphic in the median plane, with 5 sepals See also:

• UNITED

united to form a persistent See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-like calyx, 5 petals united to form a two-lipped gaping corolla, 4 stamens inserted on the corolla-See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube, two of which, generally the anterior pair, are longer than the other two (didynamous arrangement)—sometimes as in Salvia, the posterior pair is aborted—and two See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior median carpels, each very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early divided by a constriction in a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical plane, the See also:

• PISTIL

pistil consisting of four cells each containing one erect anatropous ovule attached to the See also:

• BASE

base of an See also:

• AXILE

axile See also:

• PLACENTA (Lat. for a cake)

placenta; the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style springs from the centre of the pistil between the four segments (gynobasic), and is simple with a bifid apex . The See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit comprises four one-seeded nutlets included in the persistent calyx; the seed has a thin testa and the embryo almost or completely fills it . Although the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general form and plan of arrangement of the flower is very uniform, there are wide See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in detail .

Thus the calyx may be tubular, See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-shaped, or almost spherical, or straight or See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent, and the length and form of the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth or lobes varies also; it may be equally toothed as in See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint (Mentha) (fig . 2, 3), and See also:

• MARJORAM, (O. Fr. majorane, Med. Lat. majorana; not connected with major, greater, nor with amaracus)

marjoram (Origanum), or two-lipped as in See also:

• THYME

thyme (Thymus), Lamium (fig . 1) and Salvia (fig . 2, 1); the number of nerves affords useful characters for distinction of genera, there are normally five See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main nerves between which simple or forked secondary nerves are more or less See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . The shape of the corolla varies widely, the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences being doubtless intimately associated with the See also:

• POLLINATION

pollination of the flowers by See also:

• INSECT

insect-agency . The tube is straight or variously bent and often widens towards the mouth . Occasionally the See also:

• LIMB

limb is equally five-toothed, or forms, as in Mentha (fig . 2, 3, 4) an almost See also:

• REGULAR

regular four-toothed corolla by See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the two posterior teeth . Usually it is two-lipped, the upper See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip being formed by the two posterior, the See also:

• LOWER

lower lip by the three anterior petals (see fig. r, and fig . 2, 1, 6); the median See also:

• LOBE

lobe of the lower lip is generally most developed and forms a resting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for the See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee or other insect when probing the flower for See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, the upper lip shows See also:

• GREAT

great variety in form, often, as in Lamium (fig . 1), Stachys, &c., it is arched forming a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection from See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain for the stamens, or it may be See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat as in thyme . In the tribe Ocimoideae the four upper petals form the upper lip, and the single anterior one the lower lip, and in Teucrium the upper lip is absent, all five lobes being pushed forward to form the lower .

The posterior stamen is sometimes See also:

• PRESENT

present as a staminode, but generally suppressed; the upper pair are often reduced to staminodes or more or less completely suppressed as in Salvia (fig . 2, 2, 6) ; rarely are these developed and the anterior pair reduced . In See also:

• COLEUS

Coleus the stamens are monadelphous . In Nepeta and allied genera the posterior pair are the longer, but this is rare, the didynamous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character being generally the result of the anterior pair being the longer . The anthers are two-celled, each See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell splitting lengthwise; the connective may be more or less developed between the cells; an extreme See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is seen in Salvia (fig . 2, 2), where the connective is filiform and jointed to the filament, while the anterior anther-cell is reduced to a sterile appendage . Honey is secreted by a hypogynous disk . In the more general type of flower the anthers and stigmas are protected by the arching upper lip as in dead-See also:

• NETTLE (0. Eng. netele, cf. Ger. Nessel)

nettle (fig . 1) and many other See also:

• BRITISH

British genera; the lower lip affords a resting-place for the insect which in probing the flower for the honey, secreted on the lower See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the disk, collects See also:

• POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen on its back . Numerous variations in detail are found in the different genera; in Salvia (fig . 2), for instance, there is a See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever mechanism, the barren See also:

• HALF

half of each anther forming a knob at the end of a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm which when touched by the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an insect causes the anther at the end of the longer arm to descend on the insect's back . In the less See also:

• COMMON

common type, where the anterior See also:

• PART

part of the flower is more developed, as in the Ocimoideae, the stamens and style See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie on the under lip and honey is secreted on the upper side of the hypogynous disk; the insect in probing the flower gets smeared with pollen on its belly and legs .

Both types include brightly-coloured flowers with longer tubes adapted to the visits of butterflies and moths, as species of Salvia, Stachys, Monarda, &c.; some See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American species of Salvia are pollinated by humming-birds . In Mentha (fig . 2, 3), thyme, marjoram (Origanum), and allied genera, the flowers are nearly regular and the stamens spread beyond the corolla . The persistent calyx encloses the ripe nutlets, and See also:

• AIDS

aids in their See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution in various ways, by means of winged spiny or hairy lobes or teeth; sometimes it forms a swollen See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder . A scanty endosperm is sometimes present in the seed; the embryo is generally parallel to the fruit See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis with a short inferior radicle and generally flat cotyledons . The order occurs in all warm and temperate regions; its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centre is the Mediterranean region, where some genera such as Lavandula, Thymus, Rosmarinus and others form an important feature in the vegetation . The tribe Ocimoideae is exclusively tropical and subtropical and occurs in both hemispheres . The order is well represented in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain by seventeen native genera; Mentha (mint) including also M. piperita (See also:

• PEPPERMINT

peppermint) and M . Pulegium (See also:

• PENNYROYAL

pennyroyal) ; Origanum vulgare (marjoram) ; Thymus Serpyllum (thyme) ; Calamintha (calamint), including also C . Clinopodium (See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

basil) and C . Acinos (basil thyme) ; Salvia (See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage), including S . Verbenaca (clary) ; Nepeta Cataria (catmint), N .

Glechoma (ground-See also:

• IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

ivy) ; Brunella (self-heal) ; Scutellaria (skull-cap) ; Stachys (woundwort) ; S . Betonica is See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood betony; Galeopsis (See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp-nettle) ; Lamium (dead-nettle) ; Ballota (See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• HOREHOUND (0. Eng. harhune, Ger. Andorn, Fr. marrube)

horehound) ; T,eucrium (germander) ; and Ajuga (See also:

• BUGLE

bugle) . See also:

• LABIATAE (i.e. " lipped," Lat. labium, lip)

Labiatae are readily distinguished from all other orders of the series excepting Verbenaceae, in which, however, the style is terminal; but several genera, e.g . Ajuga, Teucrium and Rosmarinus, approach Verbenaceae in this respect, and in some genera of that order the style is more or less sunk between the ovary lobes . The fruit-character indicates an See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with See also:

• BORAGINACEAE

Boraginaceae from which, however, they differ in See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit and by characters of ovule and embryo . The presence of volatile oil renders many genera of economic use, such are thyme, marjoram (Origanum), sage (Salvia), See also:

• LAVENDER

lavender (Lavandula), See also:

• ROSEMARY

rosemary (Rosmarinus), patchouli (Pogostemon) . The tubers of Stachys Sieboldi are eaten in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France .