See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])  , the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient name of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the Peloponnese, of which See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta was the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of some 1,048,000 acres, slightly greater than that of See also:

• SOMERSETSHIRE

Somersetshire, and consists of three well-marked zones See also:

• RUNNING

running N. and S . The valley of the Eurotas, which occupies the centre, is bounded W. by the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of See also:

• TAYGETUS (Tavyeros or Tairyerov, mod. St Elias or Pentedaktylon)

Taygetus (mod . Pentedaktylon, 7900 ft.), which starts from the Arcadian mountains on the N., and at its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity forms the promontory of Taenarum (Cape Matapan) . The eastern portion of See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia consists of a far more broken range of See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, rising in Mt . See also:

• PARNON (mod. Malevo)

Parnon to a height of 6365 ft. and terminating in the headland of Malea . The range of Taygetus is well watered and was in ancient times covered with forests which afforded excellent See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting to the Spartans, while it had also large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron mines and quarries of an inferior bluish See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, as well as of the famous rosso antico of Taenarum . Far poorer are the slopes of Parnon, consisting for the most See also:

• PART

part of barren See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone uplands scantily watered . The Eurotas valley, however, is fertile, and produces at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives, oranges and mulberries in See also:

• GREAT

great abundance . Laconia has no See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of importance except the Eurotas and its largest tributary the Oenus (mod . Keleffna) . The See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, expecially on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, is rugged and dangerous .

Laconia has few See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbours, nor are there any islands lying off its shores with the exception of See also:

• CYTHERA (mod. Cerigo, but still officially known as Cythera)

Cythera (Cerigo), S. of Cape Malea . The most important towns, besides Sparta and See also:

• GYTHIUM

Gythium, were Bryseae, Amyclae and Pharis in the Eurotas See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, Pellana and Belbina on the upper Eurotas, Sellasia on the Oenus, Caryae on the Arcadian frontier, Prasiae, Zarax and See also:

• EPIDAURUS

Epidaurus Limera on the east coast, Geronthrae on the slopes of Parnon, Boeae, Asopus, Helos, See also:

• LAS

Las and Teuthrone on the Laconian Gulf, and Hippola, Messa and Oetylus on the Messenian Gulf . The earliest inhabitants of Laconia, according to tradition, were the autochthonous See also:

• LELEGES

Leleges (q.v.) . Minyan immigrants then settled at various places on the coast and even appear to have penetrated into the interior and to have founded Amyclae . Phoenician traders, too, visited the shores of the Laconian Gulf, and there are indications of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade at a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period between Laconia and See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, e.g. a number of blocks of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green Laconian See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry from the quarries at Croceae have been found in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

• MINOS

Minos at See also:

• CNOSSUS

Cnossus . In the Homeric poems Laconia appears as the See also:

• REALM

realm of an Achaean See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, See also:

• MENELAUS

Menelaus, whose capital was perhaps Therapne on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Eurotas, S.E. of Sparta; the Achaean conquerors, however, probably contented themselves with a See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty over Laconia and part of See also:

• MESSENIA (Gr. M€ rcr vrl or M€o o vta)

Messenia (q.v.) and were too few to occupy the whole See also:

• LAND

land . The Achaean See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell before the incoming See also:

• DORIANS

Dorians, and throughout the classical period the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Laconia is that of its capital Sparta (q.v.) . In 195 B.C. the Laconian coast towns were freed from Spartan See also:

• RULE

rule by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general T . Quinctius See also:

• FLAMININUS, TITUS QUINCTIUS (c. 228–174 B.C.)

Flamininus, and became members of the Achaean See also:

• LEAGUE

League . When this was dissolved in 146 B.C., they remained See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the " See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation of the Lacedaemonians " or "of the See also:

• FREE

Free-Laconians" (KOW& rem AaKeSacµoviwvor'EXevBepo-Xaalivwv), the supreme officer of which was a orparnyes (general) assisted by a raplas (treasurer) . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus seems to have reorganized the league in some way, for See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias (iii . 21, 6) speaks of him as its founder .

Of the twenty-four cities which originally composed the league, only eighteen remained as members by the reign of See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian (see ACHAEAN LEAGUE) . In A.U . 395 a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• HORDE

horde under See also:

• ALARIC (Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)

Alaric devastated Laconia, and subsequently it was overrun by large bands of Slavic immigrants . Throughout the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages it was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of vigorous struggles between Slays, Byzantines, See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, See also:

• TURKS

Turks and Venetians, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief memorials of which are the ruined strongholds of Mistra near Sparta, Geraki (anc . Geronthrae) and Monemvasia, " the See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar of See also:

• GREECE

Greece," on the east coast, and Passava near Gythium . A prominent part in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence was played by the Maniates or Mainotes, the inhabitants of the rugged See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula formed by the southern part of Taygetus . They had all along maintained a virtual independence of the Turks and until quite recently retained their See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval customs, living in fortified towers and practising the See also:

• VENDETTA (Ital. from Lat. vindicta, revenge, vindicare, to defend oneself)

vendetta or See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• FEUD

feud . The district has been divided into two departments (nomes), See also:

• LACEDAEMON

Lacedaemon and Laconia, with their capitals at Sparta and Gythium respectively . Pop. of Laconia (1907) 61,522 . See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology.—Until 1904 archaeological See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research in Laconia was carried on only sporadically . Besides the excavations under-taken at Sparta, Gythium and See also:

• VAPHIO

Vaphio (q.v.), the most important were those at the .See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary of Amyclae carried out by C . Tsountas in 1890 ('E e. apxwok .

1892, r ff.) and in 1904 by A . See also:

• FURTWANGLER, ADOLF (1853–1907)

Furtwangler . At Kampos, on the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Taygetus, a small domed See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the " Mycenean " See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age was excavated in 18go and yielded two leaden statuettes of great See also:

• INTEREST

interest, while at Arkina a similar tomb of poor construction was unearthed in the previous See also:

• YEAR

year . Important See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions were found at Geronthrae (Geraki), notably five See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long fragments of the Edictum Diocletiani, and elsewhere . In 1904 the See also:

• BRITISH

British Archaeological school at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens undertook a systematic investigation of theancient and medieval remains in Laconia . The results, of which the most important are summarized in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article SPARTA, are published in the British School See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual, x. if . The See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis of Geronthrae, a See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero-See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine at Angelona in the south-eastern See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, and the sanctuary of Ino-Pasiphae at Thalamae have also been investigated . Inscriptions: Le Bas-Foucart, Voyage archeologique: Inscriptions, Nos . 160-290; Inscriptiones Graecae, v.; Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1828), Nos . 1237-1510; Collitz-Bechtel, Sammlung der griech . Dialektinschriften, iii . 2 (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1898), Nos .

4400-4613 . Coins: See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Coins in the British Museum: See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1887), xlvi. if., 121 ff . ; B . V . See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head, Historic Numorum (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1887), 363 if . Cults: S . Wide, Lakonische Kulte (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1893) . Ancient roads: W . Loring, Some Ancient Routes in the Peloponnese " in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Hellenic Studies, xv . 25 if . (M . N .