JACQUES See also:

• JACQUES LAFFITTE (1767-1844)
• LAFFITTE, PIERRE (1823-1903)

LAFFITTE (1767-1844)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French banker and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BAYONNE

Bayonne on the 24th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1767, one of the ten See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of a See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter . He became clerk in the banking See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Perregaux in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, was made a partner in the business in 1800, and in 1804 succeeded Perregaux as See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• FIRM

firm . The house of Perregaux, See also:

• LAFFITTE, JACQUES (1767-1844)
• LAFFITTE, PIERRE (1823-1903)

Laffitte et Cie. became one of the greatest in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and Laffitte became See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent (1809), then See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor (1814) of the See also:

• BANK

Bank of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce (1814) . He raised large sums of See also:

• MONEY

money for the provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in 1814 and for See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. during the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days, and it was with him that See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon deposited five million francs in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold before leaving France for the last See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Rather than permit the government to appropriate the money from the Bank he supplied two million from his own See also:

• POCKET

pocket for the arrears of the imperial troops after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo . He was returned by the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine to the Chamber of Deputies in 1816, and took his seat on the See also:

• LEFT

Left . He spoke chiefly on See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial questions; his known Liberal views did not prevent Louis XVIII. from insisting on his inclusion on the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission on the public finances . In 1818 he saved Paris from a financial crisis by buying a large amount of stock, but next See also:

• YEAR

year, in consequence of his heated See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press and the electoral See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1867, the governorship of the Bank was taken from him . One of the earliest and most determined of the partisans of a constitutional See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy under the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, he was See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for Bayonne in See also:

• JULY

July 183o, when his house in Paris became the headquarters of the revolutionary party . When See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X., after retracting the hated ordinances, sent the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte d'Argoutl to Laffitte to negotiate a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, the banker replied, " It is too See also:

• LATE

late . There is no longer a Charles X.," and it was he who secured the nomination of Louis Philippe as See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . On the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August he became president of the Chamber of Deputies, and on the 9th he received in this capacity Louis Philippe's See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to the new constitution .

The clamour of the Paris See also:

• MOB

mob for the See also:

• DEATH

death of the imprisoned ministers of Charles X., which in October culminated in riots, induced the i Apoilinaire See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, comte d'Argout (1782-1858), after-wards reconciled to the July monarchy, and a member of the Laffitte, Casimir-See also:

• PERIER, CASIMIR PIERRE (1777-1832)

Perier and See also:

• THIERS

Thiers cabinets.more moderate members of the government—including See also:

• GUIZOT, FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME (1787-1874)

Guizot, the duc de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie and Casimir-Perier—to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand over the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration to a ministry which, possessing the confidence of the revolutionary Parisians, should be in a better position to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the ministers from their fury . On the 5th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, accordingly, Laffitte became See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister-president of a government pledged to progress (mouvement), holding at the same time the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of See also:

• FINANCE

finance . The government was torn between the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for preserving See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and the no less pressing necessity (for the moment) of conciliating the Parisian populace; with the result that it succeeded in doing neither one nor the other . The impeached ministers were, indeed, saved by the courage of the Chamber of Peers and the attitude of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Guard; but their safety was bought at the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of Laffitte's popularity . His policy of a French intervention .in favour of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian revolutionists, by which he might have regained his popularity, was thwarted by the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic policy of Louis Philippe . The resignation of See also:

• LAFAYETTE

Lafayette and See also:

• DUPONT, PIERRE (1821-1870)

Dupont de 1'See also:

• EURE

Eure still further undermined the government, which, incapable even of keeping order in the streets of Paris, ended by being discredited with all parties . At length Louis Philippe, anxious to See also:

• FREE

free himself from the hampering See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the agents of his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, thought it safe to See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade his want of confidence in the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who had made him See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . Thereupon, in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1831, Laffitte resigned, begging See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon of See also:

• GOD

God and man for the See also:

• PART

part he had played in raising Louis Philippe to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . He left See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office politically and financially a ruined man . His affairs were See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound up in 1836, and next year he created a See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit bank, which prospered as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as he lived, but failed in 1848 . He died in Paris on the 26th of May 1844 . See P .

Thureau-Dangin, La Monarchie de Juillet (vol. i . 1884) .