See also:

• LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)

LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)  , See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian duchy of See also:

• CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain)

Carniola, 237 M . S.S.W. of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1900) 36,547, mostly Slovene . It is situated on the See also:

• LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)

Laibach, near its influx into the See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save, and consists of the See also:

• TOWN

town proper and eight suburbs . Laibach is an episcopal see, and possesses a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, several beautiful churches, a town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall in See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance style and a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, built in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, on the Schlossberg, an See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence which commands the town . Laibach is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal centre of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national Slovenian See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, and it contains a Slovene See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre and several See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies for the promotion of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and literature in the native See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . The Slovenian See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official use, and the municipal See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration is purely Slovenian . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries includemanufactures of pottery, bricks, oil, See also:

• LINEN

linen and woollen See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• HOSE (a word common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch, hoes, stocking, Ger. Hose, breeches, tights; the ultimate origin is unknown)

hose and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper . Laibach is supposed to occupy the site of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Emona or Aemona, founded by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus in 34 B.c . It was besieged by See also:

• ALARIC (Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)

Alaric in 400, and in 451 it was desolated by the See also:

• HUNS

Huns . In 90o Laibach suffered much from the See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars, who were, however, defeated there in 914 .

In the 12th century the town passed into the hands of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia; in 127o it was taken by Ottocar of Bohemia; and in 1277 it came under the Habsburgs . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 15th century the town was several times besieged by the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . The bishopric was founded in 1461 . On the 17th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1797 and again on the 3rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1809 Laibach was taken by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and from 1809 to 1813 it became the seat of their general See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the Illyrian provinces . From 1816 to 1849 Laibach was the capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• ILLYRIA

Illyria . The town is also historic-ally known from the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Laibach, which assembled here in 1821 (see below) . Laibach suffered severely on the 14th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1895 from an See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake . Congress or See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference of Laibach.—Before the break-up of the conference of See also:

• TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava)
• TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF

Troppau (q.v.), it had been decided to adjourn it till the following See also:

• JANUARY

January, and to invite the attendance of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, Laibach being chosen as the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting . Castlereagh, in the name of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, had cordially approved this invitation, as " implying negotiation " and there-fore as a See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from the position taken up in the Troppau See also:

• PROTOCOL (Fr. protocole, Late Lat. protocollum, from Gr. vrp(;rros, first, and KoXXav, to glue, i.e. originally the first sheet of a papyrus roll)

Protocol . Before leaving Troppau, however, the three autocratic See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, had issued, on the 8th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 182o, a circular See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, in which they reiterated the principles of the Protocol, i.e. the right and See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the powers responsible for the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to intervene to suppress any revolutionary movement by which they might conceive that peace to be endangered (Hertslet, No . Io5) . Against this view Castlereagh once more protested in a circular despatch of the Igth of January 1821, in which he clearly differentiated between the objectionable general principles advanced by the three powers, and the particular See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the unrest in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, the immediate concern not of Europe at large, but of Austria and of any other Italian powers which might consider themselves endangered (Hertslet, No .

107) . The conference opened on the 26th of January 1821, and its constitution emphasized the divergences revealed in the above circulars . The emperors of Russia and Austria were See also:

• PRESENT

present in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, and with them were See also:

• COUNTS

Counts See also:

• NESSELRODE, KARL ROBERT, COUNT (178o-I862)

Nesselrode and See also:

• CAPO

Capo d'See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria, Metternich and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent; Prussia and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France were represented by plenipotentiaries . But Great Britain, on the ground that she had no immediate See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the Italian question, was represented only by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart, the See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at Vienna, who was not armed with full powers, his See also:

• MISSION

mission being to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch the proceedings and to see that nothing was done beyond or in violation of the See also:

• TREATIES

treaties . Of the Italian princes, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of Naples and the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena came in person; the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest were represented by plenipotentiaries . It was soon clear that a more or less open See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between Great Britain and the other powers was inevitable . Metternich was anxious to secure an apparent unanimity of the powers to back the Austrian intervention in Naples, and every See also:

• DEVICE

device was used to entrap the See also:

• ENGLISH

English representative into subscribing a See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula which would have seemed to commit Great Britain to the principles of the other See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies . When these devices failed, attempts were made unsuccessfully to exclude Lord Stewart from the conferences on the ground of defective powers . Finally he was forced to an open protest, which he caused to be inscribed on the See also:

• JOURNALS

journals, but the See also:

• ACTION

action of Capo d'Istria in See also:

• READING

reading to the assembled Italian ministers, who were by no means reconciled to the large claims implied in the Austrian intervention, a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration in which as the result of the " intimate See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union established by See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn acts between all the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European powers " the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian emperor offered to the allies " the aid of his arms, should new revolutions threaten new dangers," an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to revive that See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a " universal union " based on the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance (q.v.) against which Great Britain had consistently protested . The objections of Great Britain were, however, not so much to an Austrian intervention in Naples as to the far-reaching principles by which it was sought to justify it . King Ferdinand had been invited to Laibach, according to the circular of the 8th of December, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that he might be See also:

• FREE

free to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as " mediator between his erring peoples and the states whose tranquillity they threatened." The cynical use he made of his " freedom " to repudiate obligations solemnly contracted is described elsewhere (see NAPLES, See also:

• HISTORY

History) . The result of this action was the Neapolitan declaration of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and the occupation of Naples by Austria, with the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the congress .

This was preceded, on the loth of March, by the revolt of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria and the military revolution in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, which in its turn was suppressed, as a result of negotiations at Laibach, by Austrian troops . It was at Laibach, too, that, on the 19th of March, the emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander received the See also:

• NEWS

news of See also:

• YPSILANTI
• YPSILANTI, or HYPSILANTI

Ypsilanti's invasion of the Danubian principalities, which heralded the outbreak of the War of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, and from Laibach Capo d'Istria addressed to the Greek See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar's repudiation of his action . The conference closed on the 12th of May, on which date Russia, Austria and Prussia issued a declaration (Hertslet, No . 1o8) " to proclaim to the See also:

• WORLD

world the principles which guided them " in coming `.` to the assistance of subdued peoples," a declaration which once more affirmed the principles of the Troppau Protocol . In this See also:

• LAY

lay the European significance of the Laibach conference, of which the activities had been mainly confined to Italy . The issue of the declaration without the signatures of the representatives of Great Britain and France proclaimed the disunion of the alliance; within which—to use Lord Stewart's words—there existed " a triple understanding which See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound the parties to carry forward their own views in spite of any difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion between them and the two great constitutional governments." No See also:

• SEPARATE

separate history of the congress exists, but innumerable references are to be found in general histories and in See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, &c., of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . See See also:

• SIR

Sir E . Hertslet, See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

Map of Europe (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1875); Castlereagh, Correspondence; Metternich, Memoirs; N . Bianchi, Storia documentata della diplomazia Europea in Italia (8 vols., See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1865—1872) ; See also:

• GENTZ, FRIEDRICH VON (1764-1832)

Gentz's correspondence (see GENTZ, F . VON) . Valuable unpublished correspondence is preserved at the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office in the volumes marked F . O., Austria, Lord Stewart, January to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1821, and March to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1821 .

(W . A .