See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• JOSEPH LAKANAL (1762-1845)

LAKANAL (1762-1845)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SERRES, OLIVIA (1772-1834)

Serres (See also:

• ARIEGE

Ariege) on the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July 1762 . His name, origin-ally Lacanal, was altered to distinguish him from his Royalist See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . He joined one of the teaching congregations, and for fourteen years taught in their See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . When elected by his native See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department to the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention in 1792 he was acting as See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar to his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• FONT (Lat. fans, " fountain " or " spring," Ital. fonte, Fr. les fonts)

Font (1723-1800), the constitutional See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Pamiers . In the Convention he held apart from the various party sections, although he voted for the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI . He rendered See also:

• GREAT

great service to the Revolution by his See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical knowledge of See also:

• EDUCATION

education . He became a member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of Public Instruction See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1793, and after carrying many useful decrees on the preservation of See also:

• NATIONAL

national monuments, on the military schools, on the reorganization of the Museum of Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History and other matters, he brought forward on the 26th of See also:

• JUNE

June his Projet d'education nationale (printed at the Imprimerie Nationale), which proposed to See also:

• LAY

lay the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden or See also:

• PRIMARY

primary education on the public funds, but to leave secondary education to private enterprise . See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

Provision was also made for public festivals, and a central See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was to be entrusted with educational questions . The See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main the See also:

• WORK

work of Sieyes, was refused by the Convention, who submitted the whole question to a See also:

• SPECIAL

special commission of six, which under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre adopted a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report by See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel le Peletier de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Fargeau shortly before his tragic death . See also:

• LAKANAL, JOSEPH (1762-1845)

Lakanal, who was a member of the commission, now began to work for the organization of higher education, and abandoning the principle of his Projet advocated the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state-aided schools for primary, secondary and university education . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1793 he was sent by the Convention to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western departments and did not return to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris until after the revolution of See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor . He now became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Education Committee and promptly abolished the See also:

• SYSTEM

system which had had Robespierre's support .

He See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up schemes for departmental normal schools, for primary schools (reviving in substance the Projet) and central schools . He presently acquiesced in the supersession of his own system, but continued his educational reports after his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of the Five See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred . In 1799 he was sent by the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory to organize the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the four departments on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine threatened by invasion . Under the Consulate he resumed his professional work, and after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo retired to See also:

• AMERICA

America, where he became president of the university of See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana . He returned to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1834, and shortly afterwards, in spite of his advanced See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, married a second See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . He died in Paris on the 14th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1845; his widow survived till 1881 . Lakanal was an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original member of the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of France . He published in 1838 an Expose sommaire See also:

• DES

des travaux de See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Lakanal . His eloge at the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Moral and See also:

• POLITICAL

Political See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science, of which he was a member, was pronounced by the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• REMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL (1788-1832)

Remusat (February i6, 1845), and a See also:

• NOTICE

Notice historique by F . A . M . See also:

• MIGNET, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE ALEXIS (1796–1884)

Mignet was read on the 2nd of May 1857 .

See also notices by Emile Darnaud (Paris, 1874), " See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus " (Paris, 1879), P . See also:

• LEGENDRE, ADRIEN MARIE (1752–1833)
• LEGENDRE, LOUIS (1752-1797)

Legendre in Hommes de la revolution (Paris, 1882), E . See also:

• GUILLON, MARIE NICOLAS SYLVESTRE (1760-1847)

Guillon, Lakanal et l'instruction publique (Paris, 1881) . For details of the reports submitted by him to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government see M . See also:

• TOURNEUX, JEAN MAURICE (1849— )

Tourneux, " Histoire de 1'instruction publique, actes et deliberations de la convention, &c." in See also:

• BIBLIOG

Bibliog. de l'hist. de Paris (vol. iii., 1900) ; also A . See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert and G . Cougny, Dictionnaire des parlementaires (vol. ii., 1890) .