See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

LAKE See also:

• DISTRICT

DISTRICT  , in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, a See also:

• DISTRICT

district containing all the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• ENGLISH

English lakes, and variously termed the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country, Lakeland and " the Lakes." It falls within the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western counties of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland, See also:

• WESTMORLAND
• WESTMORLAND, EARLS OF

Westmorland and See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire (See also:

• FURNESS
• FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD (1833– )

Furness district), about one-See also:

• HALF

half being within the first of these . Although celebrated far outside the confines of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain as a district of remarkable and strongly individual See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical beauty, its See also:

• AREA

area is only some 700 sq. m., a circle with See also:

• RADIUS

radius of 15 M. from the central point covering practically the whole . Within this circle, besides the largest lake, See also:

• WINDERMERE

Windermere, is the highest point in England, See also:

• SCAFELL (pronounced and sometimes written Scaw Fell)

Scafell See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

Pike; yet Windermere is but See also:

• ROE (or Row), SIR THOMAS (c. 1581—1644)
• ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888)

roe m. in length, and covers an area of 5.69 sq. m., while Scafell Pike is only 3210 ft. in height . But the lakes show a wonderful variety of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, from open expanse and steep See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound shores to picturesque See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island-See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups and soft wooded See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks; while the mountains have always a remarkable dignity, less from the See also:

• PROFILE

profile of their summits than from the bold sweeping lines of their flanks, unbroken by vegetation, and often culminating in sheer cliffs or crags . At their feet, the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green valley floors of the higher elevations give See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• LOWER

lower parts to lovely See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . The streams are See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift and clear, and numerous small waterfalls are characteristic of the district . To the north, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, a flat coastal See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, bordering the Irish See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, with its inlets See also:

• MORECAMBE

Morecambe See also:

• BAY

Bay and Solway See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth, and broadest in the north, marks off the Lake District, while to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the valleys of the See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden and the Lune See also:

• DIVIDE

divide it from the Pennine See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• SYSTEM

system . Geologically, too, it is individual . Its centre is of volcanic rocks, complex in character, while the See also:

• COAL

Coal-See also:

• MEASURES

measures and New Red See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone appear See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the edges . The district as a whole is grooved by a See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main depression, See also:

• RUNNING

running from north to south along the valleys of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, Thirlmere, See also:

• GRASMERE

Grasmere' and Windermere, . surmounting a pass (Dunmail Raise) of only 783 ft.; while a secondary depression, in the same direction, runs along See also:

• DERWENTWATER
• DERWENTWATER, EARL OF

Derwentwater, Borrowdale, Wasdale and Wastwater, but here See also:

• STY

Sty See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head Pass, between Borrowdale and Wasdale, rises to 1600 ft . The centre of the 15-m. radius lies on the lesser heights between Langstrath and Dunmail Raise, which may, however, be the See also:

• CROWN

crown of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of rocks, " the dissected See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton of which, worn by the warfare of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain and See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, now alone remains " (Dr H . R ..

See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill, " Bathymetrical Survey of the English Lakes," See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, vi . 48) . The principal features of the district may be indicated by following this circle round from north, by west, south and east . The See also:

• RIVER

river . See also:

• DERWENT (Celtic Dwr-gent, clear water)

Derwent (q.v.), rising in the tarns and " gills " or ghylls " (small streams running in deeply-grooved clefts) north of Sty Head Pass and the Scafell See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass flows north through the wooded Borrowdale and forms Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite . These two lakes are in a class apart from all the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, being broader for their length, and quite shallow (about 18 ft. See also:

• AVERAGE

average and 70 ft. maximum), as distinct from the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, narrow and deep troughs occupied by the other See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief lakes, which average from 40 to 135 ft. deep . Derwentwater (q.v.), studded with many islands, is perhaps the most beautiful of all . Borrowdale is joined on the east by the See also:

• BARE

bare See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

dale of Langstrath, and the Greta joins the Derwent immediately below Derwentwater; the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• KESWICK

Keswick lying near the junction . Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite occupy a single depression, a flat alluvial See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain separating them . From Seatoller In Borrowdale a road traverses Honister Pass (I See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft.), whence it descends westward, beneath the majestic Honister Crags, where green See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate is quarried, into the valley containing Buttermere (94 ft. max. See also:

• DEPTH

depth) and Crummock See also:

• WATER

Water (144 ft.), drained by the See also:

• COCKER, EDWARD (1631-1675)

Cocker . Between this and the Derwent valley the principal height is Grasmoor (2791 ft.) ; southward a steep narrow See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge (High See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

Style, 2643) divides it from Ennerdale, containing Ennerdale Water (148 ft. max. depth), which is fed by the Liza and drained by the Ehen . A splendid range separates this dale from Wasdale and its tributary Mosedale, including Great Gable (2949 ft.), See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

Pillar (2927), with the precipitous Pillar Rock on the Ennerdale flank and See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

Steeple (2746) .

Wasdale Head, between Gable and the Scafell range, is peculiarly See also:

• GRAND

grand, with dark See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey screes and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black crags frowning above its narrow bottom . On this See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Gable is the See also:

• FINE

fine detached rock, Napes See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

Needle . Wastwater, 3 M. in length, is the deepest lake of all (258 ft.), its See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor, like those of Windermere and Ullswater, sinking below sea-level . Its east See also:

• SHORE

shore consists of a great range of screes . East of Wasdale lies the range of Scafell (q.v.), its chief points being Scafell (3162 ft.), Scafell Pike (3210), Lingmell (2649) and Great End (2984), while the See also:

• LINE

line is continued over Esk Hause Pass (2490) along a fine line of heights (See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

Fell, 2960; Crinkle Crags, 2816), to embrace the head of Eskdale . The line then descends to Wrynose Pass (1270 ft.), from which the Duddon runs south through a vale of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar richness in its lower parts; while the range continues south to culminate in the Old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man of Coniston (2633) with the splendid See also:

• DOW, LORENZO (1777-1834)
• DOW, NEAL (1804-1897)

Dow Crags above Goats Water . The pleasant vale of Yewdale drains south to Coniston Lake (51 m. long, 184 ft. max. depth), east of which a lower, well-wooded See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, containing two beautiful lesser lakes, See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn Hows and Esthwaite Water, extends to Windermere (q.v.) . This lake collects See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters by the Brathay from Langdale, the head of which, between Bow Fell and Langdale Pikes (240, ft.), is very fine; and by the Rothay from Dunmail Raise and the small lakes of Grasmere and Rydal Water, embowered in woods . East of the Rothay valley and Thirlmere lies the mountain mass including Helvellyn (3118 ft.), See also:

• FAIRFIELD

Fairfield (2863) and other points, with magnificent crags at several places on the eastern side towards Grisedale and Patterdale . These dales drain to Ullswater (205 ft. max., second to Windermere in area), and so north-east to the Eden . To the east and south-east lies the ridge named High See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street (2663 ft.), from the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman road still trace-able from south to north along its See also:

• SUMMIT

summit, and sloping east again to the sequestered See also:

• HAWES, STEPHEN (fl. 1502-1521)
• HAWES, WILLIAM (1785–1846)

Hawes Water (103 ft. max.), a curiously shaped lake nearly divided by the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the Measand See also:

• BECK (or BEEK), DAVID (1621—1656)
• BECK, CHRISTIAN DANIEL (1757-1832)
• BECK, JAKOB SIGISMUND (1761-1840)

Beck . There remains the Thirlmere valley .

Thirlmere itself was raised in level, and adapted by means of a See also:

• DAM

dam at the north end, as a See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir for the water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester in 1890–1894 . It drains north by St John's Vale into the Greta, north of which again rises a mountain-See also:

• GROUP

group of which the chief summits are Saddleback or Blencathra (2847 ft.) and the graceful See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Skiddaw (3054) . The most noteworthy water-falls are—See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Scale Force (Dano-See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian fors, See also:

• FOSS, EDWARD (1787-1870)

foss), besidesCrummock, Lodore near Derwentwater, See also:

• DUNGEON

Dungeon Gill Force, beside Langdale, Dalegarth Force in Eskdale, Aira near Ullswater, sung by Words-See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth, Stock Gill Force and Rydal Falls near See also:

• AMBLESIDE

Ambleside . The principal centres in the Lake District are Keswick (Derwentwater), Ambleside, Bowness, Windermere and Lakeside (Winder-See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere), Coniston and See also:

• BOOT

Boot (Eskdale), all of which, except Ambleside and Bowness (which nearly joins Windermere) are accessible by See also:

• RAIL

rail . The considerable See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Grasmere lies beautifully at the head of the lake of that name; and above Esthwaite is the small town of Hawkshead, with an ancient See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and picturesque houses curiously built on the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-slope and sometimes spanning the streets . There are See also:

• REGULAR

regular steamer services on Windermere and Ullswater . Coaches and cars See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the main roads during the summer, but many of the finest dales and passes are accessible only on See also:

• FOOT

foot or by ponies . All the mountains offer easy routes to pedestrians, but some of them, as Scafell, Pillar, Gable (Napes Needle), Pavey See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

Ark above Langdale and Dow Crags near Coniston, also afford ascents for experienced climbers . This mountainous district, having the sea to the west, records an unusually heavy rainfall . Near Seathwaite, below Styhead Pass, the largest See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles is recorded, the average(1870–1899) being 133'53 in., while 173.7 was measured in 1903 and 243'98 in. in 1872 . At Keswick the annual mean is 6o.o2, at Grasmere about 8o ins . The months of maximum rainfall at Seath. See also:

• WAITE, MORRISON REMICK (1816–1888)

waite are See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December and See also:

• JANUARY

January and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September .

See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish taken in the lakes include See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch, pike, See also:

• CHAR (Salvelinus)

char and See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout in Windermere, Ennerdale, Bassenthwaite, Derwentwater, &c., and the See also:

• GWYNIAD

gwyniad or fresh-water See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring in Ullswater . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of the Lake District include slate See also:

• QUARRYING

quarrying and some See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• ZINC

zinc See also:

• MINING

mining, and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, bobbin-making and See also:

• PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail)

pencil-making . Setting aside See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, no locality in the British Isles is so intimately associated with the See also:

• HISTORY

history of English literature as the Lake District . In point of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the poet whose name is first connected with the region is See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray, who wrote a journal of his tour in 1769 . But it was See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth, a native of Cumberland, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the outskirts of the Lake District itself, who really made it a See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca for lovers of English See also:

• POETRY

poetry . Out of his long See also:

• LIFE

life of eighty years, sixty were spent amid its lakes and mountains, first as a schoolboy at Hawkshead, and afterwards as a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at Grasmere (1799–1813) and Rydal See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount (1813–1850) . In the See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

churchyard of Grasmere the poet and his wife See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie buried; and very near to them are the remains of See also:

• HARTLEY, DAVID (1705–1757)
• HARTLEY, JONATHAN SCOTT (1845– )
• HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1825– )

Hartley See also:

• COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849)
• COLERIDGE, JOHN DUKE COLERIDGE, 1ST BARON
• COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834)
• COLERIDGE, SARA (1802–1852)
• COLERIDGE, SIR JOHN TAYLOR (1790-1876)

Coleridge (son of the poet), who himself lived many years at Keswick, Ambleside and Grasmere . See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey, the friend of Words-worth, was a resident of Keswick for See also:

• FORTY

forty years (1803–1843), and was buried in Crosthwaite churchyard . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor Coleridge lived some time at Keswick, and also with the Wordsworths at Grasmere . From 1807 to 1815 See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher North (John See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson) was settled at_Windermere . De Quincey spent the greater See also:

• PART

part of the years 1809 to 1828 at Grasmere, in the first cottage which Words-worth had inhabited . Ambleside, or its environs, was also the place of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of Dr See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold (of See also:

• RUGBY

Rugby), who spent there the vacations of the last ten years of his life; and of Harriet See also:

• MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802-1876)
• MARTINEAU, JAMES (1805-1900)

Martineau, who built herself a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house there in 1845 .

At Keswick Mrs See also:

• LYNN

Lynn See also:

• LINTON, ELIZA LYNN (1822-1898)
• LINTON, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1897)

Linton was born in 1822 . Brantwood, a house beside Coniston Lake, was the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of See also:

• RUSKIN, JOHN (1819-1goo)

Ruskin during the last years of his life . In addition to these residents or natives of the locality, See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley, See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, Nathaniel See also:

• HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864)

Hawthorne, See also:

• CLOUGH, ANNE JEMIMA (182o-1892)
• CLOUGH, ARTHUR HUGH (1819-1861)

Clough, Crabb See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson, See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle, See also:

• KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821)

Keats, See also:

• TENNYSON, ALFRED TENNYSON

Tennyson, See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew Arnold, Mrs See also:

• HEMANS, FELICIA DOROTHEA (1793-1835)

Hemans, Gerald See also:

• MASSEY, GERALD (1828-r9o7)
• MASSEY, SIR EDWARD (c. 1619-c. 1674)

Massey and others of less reputation made longer or shorter visits, or were bound by ties of friendship with the poets already mentioned . The Vale of St John, near Keswick, recalls Scott's Bridal of Triermain . But there is a deeper connexion than this between the Lake District and English letters . See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German literature tells of several See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, or groups of writers animated by the same ideas, and working in the spirit of the same principles and by the same poetic methods . The most notable instance—indeed it is almost the only instance—of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in English literature is the Lake School of Poets . Of this school the acknowledged head and founder was Wordsworth, and the tenets it professed are those laid down by the poet himself in the famous See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to the edition of The Lyrical See also:

• BALLADS

Ballads which he published in 1800 . Wordsworth's theories of poetry—the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects best suited for poetic treatment, the characteristics of such treatment and the choice of diction suitable for the purpose—may be said to have grown out of the See also:

• SOIL

soil and substance of the lakes and mountains, and out of the homely lives of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, of Cumberland and Westmoreland . See CUMBERLAND, LANCASHIRE, WESTMORLAND . The following is a selection from the literature of the subject: Harriet Martineau, The English Lakes (Windermere, 1858); Mrs Lynn Linton, The Lake Country (London, 1864) ; E . See also:

• WAUGH, BENJAMIN (1839-1908)
• WAUGH, EDWIN (1817-1890)

Waugh, Rambles in the Lake Country (186,) and In the Lake Country (1880); W .

See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight, Through the Wordsworth Country (London, 1890) ; H . D . Rawnsley, Literary Associations of the English Lakes (2 vols., See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, 1894) and Life and Nature of the English Lakes (Glasgow, 1899) ; Stopford See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke, See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

Dove Cottage, Wordsworth's Home from z800 to z8o8; A . G . See also:

• BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE (1821–1903)
• BRADLEY, JAMES (1693–1762)

Bradley, The Lake District, its Highways and Byeways (London, 1901); See also:

• SIR

Sir John Harwood, History of the Thirlmere Water See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

Scheme (1895) ; for mountain-climbing, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col . J . See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown, Mountain Ascents in Westmorland and Cumberland (London, 1888) ; Haskett-See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Climbing in the British Isles, part. i.; See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen G . See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, Rock-climbing in the English Lake District, 2nd ed. by W . M . Crook (Keswick, 1900) .