See also:

• EARL

EARL OF See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

THOMAS See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• EARL OF THOMAS LANCASTER (c. 1277-1322)

LANCASTER (c. 1277-1322)  , was the eldest son of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster and titular See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, and a See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English king, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III.; while he was related to the royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France both through his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, See also:

• BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche, a granddaughter of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VIII., and his step-See also:

• SISTER

sister, Jeanne, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, the wife of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip IV . A See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor when Earl Edmund died in 1296, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas received his See also:

• FATHER

father's earldoms of Lancaster and See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester in 1298, but did not become prominent in English affairs until after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, See also:

• EDWARD

Edward II., in See also:

• JULY

July 1307 . Having married Alice (d . 1348), daughter and heiress of Henry See also:

• LACY, FRANZ MORITZ, COUNT (1725-1801)
• LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH (1807-1874)
• LACY, MICHAEL ROPHINO (1795–1867)

Lacy, earl of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, and added the earldom of See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby to those which he already held, he was marked out both by his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and position as the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the barons in their resistance to the new king . With his associates he produced the banishment of the royal favourite, Piers See also:

• GAVESTON, PIERS (d. 1312)

Gaveston, in 1308; compelled Edward in 1310 to surrender his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of " ordainers," among whom he himself was numbered; and took up arms when Gaveston returned to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1312 . Lancaster, who had just obtained the earldoms of Lincoln and See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury on thedeath of his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in 1311, drove the king and his favourite from See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle to See also:

• SCARBOROUGH

Scarborough, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of Gaveston in See also:

• JUNE

June 1312 . After lengthy efforts at See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation, he made his submission and received a full See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon from Edward in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1313; but he refused to accompany the king on his See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march into See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, which ended at See also:

• BANNOCKBURN

Bannockburn, and took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the English disaster to wrest the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of affairs from the hands of Edward . In 1315 he took command of the forces raised to fight the Scots, and was soon appointed to the " See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council," while his supporters filled the See also:

• GREAT

great offices of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, but his See also:

• RULE

rule was as feeble as that of the monarch whom he had superseded . Quarrelling with some of the barons, he neglected both the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and in 1317 began a private See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, Earl Warrenne, who had assisted his countess to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband . The See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick by the Scots, however, in See also:

• APRIL

April 1318 led to a second reconciliation with Edward . A formal treaty, made in the following See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, having been ratified by See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, the king and earl opened the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Berwick; but there was no cohesion between their troops, and the under-taking was quickly abandoned . On several occasions Lancaster was suspected of intriguing with the Scots, and it is significant that his lands were spared when See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce ravaged the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of England .

He refused to attend the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils or to take any See also:

• PART

part in the government until 1321, when the Despensers were banished, and war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out again between himself and the king . Having conducted some military operations against Lancaster's See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends on the Welsh See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches, Edward led his troops against the earl, who gradually See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell back from See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton-on-See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent to See also:

• PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written " Pomfret ")

Pontefract . Continuing this See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, Lancaster reached See also:

• BOROUGHBRIDGE

Boroughbridge, where he was met by another See also:

• BODY

body of royalists under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Harclay . After a skirmish he was deserted by his troops, and was obliged to surrender . Taken to his own See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle at Pontefract, where the king was, he was condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death as a See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel and a traitor, and was beheaded near the See also:

• TOWN

town on the 22nd of March 1322 . He See also:

• LEFT

left no See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . Although a coarse, selfish and violent See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, without any of the attributes of a statesman, Lancaster won a great reputation for patriotism; and his memory was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long cherished, especially in the north of England, as that of a defender of popular liberties . Over a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years after his death miracles were said to have been worked at his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb at Pontefract; thousands visited his effigy in St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral, See also:

• LONDON

London, and it was even proposed to make him a See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint . See See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I. and Edward II., edited with introduction by W . See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs (London, 1882–1883) ; and W . Stubbs, Constitutional See also:

• HISTORY

History, vol. ii . (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1896) .