See also:

• LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

LANCELOT (Lancelot du See also:

• LAC

Lac, or Lancelot of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake)  , a famous figure in the Arthurian See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of romances . To the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of See also:

• ENGLISH

English readers the name of no See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court is so See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar as is that of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

Lancelot . The mention of Arthur and the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Table at once brings him to mind as the most valiant member of that brotherhood and the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover of the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen . Lancelot, however, is not an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original member of the cycle, and the development of his See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is still a source of considerable perplexity to the critic . Briefly summarized, the outline of his career, as given in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Lanzelet and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• PROSE

prose Lancelot, is as follows: Lancelot was the only See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of King See also:

• BAN

Ban of Benoic and his queen Helaine . While yet an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant, his See also:

• FATHER

father was driven from his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, either by a revolt of his subjects, caused by his own harshness (Lanzelet), or by the See also:

• ACTION

action of his enemy Claudas de la Deserte (Lancelot) . King and queen See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly, carrying the child with them, and while the wife is tending her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, who See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies of a broken See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart on his See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, the infant is carried off by a friendly See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy, the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, who brings the boy up in her mysterious kingdom . In the German poem this is a veritable " Isle of Maidens," where no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man ever enters, and where it is perpetual See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . In the prose Lancelot, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the Lake is but a See also:

• MIRAGE (a French word, from mirer, to look at, se mirer, to be reflected)

mirage, and the Lady's court does not lack its See also:

• COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement of gallant knights; moreover the boy has the companionship of his See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins, Lionel and Bohort, who, like himself, have been driven from their kingdom by Claudas . When he reaches the customary See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (which appears to be fifteen), the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Lancelot, suitably equipped, is sent out into the See also:

• WORLD

world . In both versions his name and parentage are concealed, in the Lanzelet he is genuinely ignorant of both; here too his lack of all knightly accomplishments (not unnatural when we remember he has here been brought up entirely by See also:

• WOMEN

women) and his in-ability to handle a steed are insisted upon . Here he rides forth in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of what See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure may bring .

In the prose Lancelot his See also:

• EDUCATION

education is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, he knows his name and parentage, though for some unexplained See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason he keeps both secret, and he goes with a fitting escort and equipment to Arthur's court to demand See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood . The subsequent adventures differ widely: in the Lanzelet he ultimately re-conquers his kingdom, and, with his wife See also:

• IBLIS

Iblis, reigns over it in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, both living to see their See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children's children, and dying on the same See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good old fairy-See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . In fact, the whole of the Lanzelet has much more the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a fairy or folk-tale than that of a knightly See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . In the prose version, Lancelot, from his first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance at court, conceives a See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for the queen, who is very considerably his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior, his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth taking See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time after her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to Arthur . This infatuation See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours all his later career . He frees her from imprisonment in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Meleagant, who has carried her off against her will—(a similar adventure is related in Lanzelet, where the abductor is Valerin, and Lanzelet is not the rescuer)—and, although he recovers his kingdom from Claudas, he prefers to remain a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple knight of Arthur's court, bestowing the lands on his cousins and See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• HECTOR

Hector . Tricked into a liaison with the See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher King's daughter Elaine, he becomes the father of Galahad, the See also:

• GRAIL (formerly KAREL)
• GRAIL, THE HOLY

Grail winner, and, as a result of the queen's jealous anger at his relations with the lady, goes mad, and remains an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile from the court for some years . He takes See also:

• PART

part, fruitlessly, in the Grail quest, only being vouchsafed a fleeting glimpse of the sacred See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

Vessel, which, however, is sufficient to See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast him into unconsciousness, in which he remains for as many days as he has spent years in See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin . Finally, his relations with See also:

• GUENEVERE (Lat. Guanhumara; Welsh, Gwenhwyfar; 0. Eng. Gaynore)

Guenevere are revealed to Arthur by the sons of King See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

Lot, See also:

• GAWAIN (Fr. Walwain (Brut)

Gawain, however, taking no part in the disclosure . Surprised together, Lancelot escapes, and the queen is condemned to be burnt alive . As the See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence is about to be carried into See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution Lancelot and his kinsmen come to her See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue, but in the fight that ensues many of Arthur's knights, including three of Gawain's See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, are slain . Thus converted into an enemy, Gawain urges his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle to make See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war on Lancelot, and there follows a desperate struggle between Arthur and the See also:

• RACE

race of Ban .

This is interrupted by the tidings of Mordred's treachery,and Lancelot, taking no part in the last fatal conflict, outlives both king and queen, and the downfall of the Round Table . Finally, retiring to a hermitage, he ends his days in the odour of sanctity . The See also:

• PROCESS

process whereby the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of the Lanzelet (who, though his See also:

• MOTHER

mother is Arthur's See also:

• SISTER

sister, has but the slightest connexion with the See also:

• BRITISH

British king), the faithful husband of Iblis, became converted into the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament of Arthur's court, and the devoted lover of the queen, is by no means easy to follow, nor do other See also:

• WORKS

works of the cycle explain the trans-formation . In the pseudo-See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles, the Historia of See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey and the See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations by See also:

• WACE, HENRY (1836– )

Wace and See also:

• LAYAMON

Layamon, Lancelot does not appear at all; the queen's lover, whose guilty passion is fully returned, is Mordred . Chretien de See also:

• TROYES

Troyes' treatment of him is contradictory; in the Erec, his earliest extant poem, Lancelot's name appears as third on the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the knights of Arthur's court . (It is well, however, to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in mind the possibility of later addition or alteration in such lists.) In Cliges he again ranks as third, being overthrown by the hgro of the poem . In Le See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier de la Charrette, however, which followed Cliges, we find Lancelot alike as leading knight of the court and lover of the queen, in fact, precisely in the position he occupies in the prose romance, where, indeed, the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section dealing with this adventure is, as Gaston See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris clearly proved, an almost literal See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of Chretien's poem . The subject of the poem is the rescue of the queen from her abductor Meleagant; and what makes the See also:

• MATTER

matter more perplexing is that Chretien handles the situation as one with which his hearers are already familiar; it is Lancelot, and not Arthur or another, to whom the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of rescuer naturally belongs . After this it is surprising to find that in his next poem, Le Chevalier an See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion, Lancelot is once, and only once, casually referred to, and that in a passing reference to his rescue of the queen . In the See also:

• PERCEVAL, or PERCYVELLE (Ger. Parzival, Fr. Perlesvaus, Welsh, Peredur)
• PERCEVAL, SPENCER (1762-1812)

Perceval, Chretien's last See also:

• WORK

work, he does not appear at all, and yet much of the action passes at Arthur's court . In the continuations added at various times to Chretien's unfinished work the role assigned to Lancelot is equally modest . Among the fifteen knights selected by Arthur to accompany him to Chastel Orguellous he only ranks ninth .

In the version of the Luite Tristran inserted by See also:

• GERBERT, MARTIN (172o-1793)

Gerbert in his Perceval, he is publicly overthrown and shamed by See also:

• TRISTAN
• TRISTAN, or TRISTRAM

Tristan . Nowhere is he treated with anything approaching the importance assigned to him in the prose versions . Welsh tradition does not know him; See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian records, which have preserved the names of Arthur and Gawain, have no reference to Lancelot; among the See also:

• GROUP

group of Arthurian knights figured on the See also:

• ARCHITRAVE (from Lat. arcus, an arch, and trabs, trabem, a beam)

architrave of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway of See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral (a work of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) he finds no place; the real cause for his apparently sudden and triumphant rise to popularity is extremely difficult to determine . What appears the most probable See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution is that which regards Lancelot as the hero of an independent and widely diffused folk-tale, which, owing to certain See also:

• SPECIAL

special circumstances, was brought into contact with, and incorporated in, the Arthurian tradition . This much has been proved certain of the adventures recounted in the Lanzelet; the See also:

• THEFT

theft of an infant by a water-fairy; the appearance of the hero three consecutive days, in three different disguises, at a See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament; the rescue of a queen, or princess, from an Other-World See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, all belong to one well-known and widely-spread folk-tale, variants of which are found in almost every See also:

• LAND

land, and of which numerous examples have been collected alike by M . Cosquin in his Contes Lorrains, and by Mr J . F . See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell in his Tales of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands . The story of the loves of Lancelot and Guenevere, as related by Chretien, has about it nothing spontaneous and genuine; in no way can it be compared with the story of Tristan and Iseult . It is the exposition of a relation governed by artificial and arbitrary rules, to which the principal actors in the See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama must perforce conform . Chretien states that he composed the poem (which he See also:

• LEFT

left to be completed by Godefroi de Leigni) at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the countess See also:

• MARIE

Marie of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, who provided him with matiere et See also:

• SAN

san . Marie was the daughter of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and of Eleanor of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine, subsequently wife of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England .

It is a matter of See also:

• HISTORY

history that both mother and daughter were active agents in fostering that view of the social relations of the sexes which found its most famous expression in the " Courts of Love," and which was responsible for the dictum that love between husband and wife was impossible . The logical conclusion appears to be that the Charrette poem is a "Tendenz-Schrift," composed under certain special conditions, in response to a special demand . The story of Tristan and Iseult, immensely popular as it was, was too genuine—(shall we say too crude?)—to satisfy the See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of the court for which Chretien was See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . Moreover, the Arthurian story was the popular story of the day, and Tristan did not belong to the magic circle, though he was ultimately introduced, somewhat clumsily, it must be admitted, within its See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds . The Arthurian cycle must have its own love-tale; Guenevere, the leading lady of that cycle, could not be behind the courtly ladies of the day and lack a lover; one had to be found for her . Lancelot, already popular hero of a tale in which an adventure parallel to that of the Charrette figured prominently, was pressed into the service, Modred, Guenevere's earlier lover, being too unsympathetic a character; moreover, Modred was required for the final role of traitor . But to whom is the story to be assigned ? Here we must distinguish between the Lancelot proper and the Lancelot-Guenevere versions; so far as the latter are concerned, we cannot get behind the version of Chretien,nowhere, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Chevalier de la Charrette is there any See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the existence of such a story . Yet Chretien does not claim to have invented the situation . Did it spring from the fertile See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain of some court lady, Marie, or another ? The authorship of the Lancelot proper, on the other hand, is invariably ascribed to See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

Map (see MAP), the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of Henry II., but so also are the majority of the Arthurian prose Romances . The trend of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion is towards accepting Map as the author of a Lancelot romance, which formed the basis for later developments, and there is a growing tendency to identify this hypothetical original Lancelot with the source of the German Lanzelet .

The author, See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich von Zatzikhoven, tells us that he translated his poem from a French (welsches) See also:

• BOOK

book in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo de Morville, one of the English hostages, who, in 1194, replaced See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Cceur de Lion in the prison of See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . Further evidence on the point is, unfortunately, not at See also:

• PRESENT

present forthcoming . To the student of the original texts Lancelot is an infinitely less interesting hero than Gawain, Perceval or Tristan, each of whom possesses a well-marked See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, and is the centre of what we may See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call individual adventures . Saving and excepting the incident of his being stolen and brought up by a water-fairy (from a Lai See also:

• RELATING

relating which adventure the whole story probably started), there is absolutely nothing in Lancelot's character or career to distinguish him from any other romantic hero of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the prose Lancelot is good, easy and graceful, but the adventures lack originality and See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and the situations repeat themselves in a most wearisome manner . English readers, who know the story only through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of See also:

• MALORY, SIR THOMAS

Malory's See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble prose and See also:

• TENNYSON, ALFRED TENNYSON

Tennyson's melodious See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, carry away an impression entirely See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign to that produced by a study of the original literature . The Lancelot story, in its rise and development, belongs exclusively to the later See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of Arthurian romance; it was a story for the court, not for the folk, and it lacks alike the dramatic force and human See also:

• APPEAL

appeal of the genuine "popular" tale . The prose Lancelot was frequently printed; J . C . See also:

• BRUNET, JACQUES CHARLES (178o-1867)

Brunet chronicles See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of 1488, 1494, 1513, 1520 and 1533—of this last date there are two, one published by Jehan See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit, the other by Philippe Lenoire, this last by far the better, being printed from a much See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript . There is no critical edition, and the only version available for the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general reader is the modernized and abridged See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text published by Paulin Paris in vols. iii. to v. of See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans de la Table Ronde . A Dutch verse See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the 13th century was published by M .

W . J . A . Jonckbloet in 185o, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• VAN

van See also:

• LANCE

Lance-toe: . This only begins with what Paulin Paris terms the Agravain section, all the part previous to Guenevere's rescue from Meleagant having been lost; but the text is an excellent one, agreeing closelywith the Lenoire edition of 1533• The Books devoted by Malory to Lancelot are also See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from this latter section of the romance; there is no sign that the English translator had any of the earlier part before him . Malory's version of the Charrette adventure differs in many respects from any other extant See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and the source of this special section of his work is still a question of debate among scholars . The text at his disposal, especially in the Queste section, must have been closely akin to that used by the Dutch translator and the compiler of Lenoire, 1533 . Unfortunately, Dr See also:

• SOMMER

Sommer, in his study on the See also:

• SOURCES

Sources of Malory, omitted to consult these texts, with the result that the sections dealing with Lancelot and Queste urgently require revision .