See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

RICHARD See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

LEMON See also:

• RICHARD LEMON LANDER (1804–1834)

LANDER (1804–1834)  and See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN (1807–1839), See also:

• ENGLISH

English explorers of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger, were natives of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, sons of an innkeeper at See also:

• TRURO
• TRURO, THOMAS WILDE, 1ST BARON (1782-1855)

Truro . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eleven See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard went to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies in the service of a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant . Returning to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England after an See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of three years he took service with various wealthy families, with whom he travelled on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . In 1823–1824 he accompanied See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major (afterwards See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• SIR

Sir) W . M . See also:

• COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS (1765-1837)

Colebrooke, on a tour through Cape See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony . In 1825 Richard offered his services to See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• CLAPPERTON, HUGH (1788-1827)

Clapperton, then preparing for his second expedition to West See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . He was Clapperton's devoted servant and See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion in this expedition, and on Clapperton's See also:

• DEATH

death near See also:

• SOKOTO

Sokoto in See also:

• APRIL

April 1827 Richard See also:

• LANDER, RICHARD LEMON (1804–1834)

Lander, after visiting See also:

• KANO

Kano and other parts of the See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa states, returned to the See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast through Yoruba bringing with him Clapper-ton's See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal . To this on its publication (1829) was added The Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Coast, and in the next See also:

• YEAR

year Lander published another See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the expedition entitled Records of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa ... with the subsequent Adventures of the Author . To this narrative he prefixed an autobiographical See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . Richard Lander, though without any scientific attainments, had exhibited such capacity for exploration that the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government decided to send him out to determine the course of the See also:

• LOWER

lower Niger . In the expedition he was accompanied by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother John, by See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade a printer, and better educated than Richard, who went as an unsalaried volunteer .

Leaving England in See also:

• JANUARY

January 183o, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers landed at Badagry on the Guinea coast on the 22nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . They then travelled by the route previously taken by Clapperton to See also:

• BUSSA

Bussa on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Niger, reached on the 17th of See also:

• JUNE

June . Thence they ascended the See also:

• RIVER

river for about 10o m . Going back to Bussa the travellers began, on the 2oth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, the descent of the river, not knowing whither it would See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead them . They journeyed in canoes accompanied by a few negroes, their only scientific See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass . They discovered the See also:

• BENUE

Benue river, ascertaining when passing its confluence, by paddling against its stream, that their course was not in that direction . At the beginning of the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta they were captured by the Ibos, from whom they were ransomed by " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Boy " of See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

Brass See also:

• TOWN

Town; by him they were taken to the See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

Nun mouth of the river, whence a passage was obtained to Fernando Po, reached on the 1st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . The Landers were thus able to See also:

• LAY

lay down with approximate correctness the lower course of the Niger—a See also:

• MATTER

matter till then as much in dispute as was the question of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile See also:

• SOURCES

sources . In the attack by the Ibos the Landers lost many of their records, but they published a narrative of their discoveries in 1832, in three small volumes—Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination of the Niger . In recognition of his services the Royal See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society—formed two years previously—granted Richard Lander in 1832 the royal See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal, he being the first recipient of such an See also:

• AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

award . In the same year Richard went to Africa again as See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of an expedition organized by See also:

• MACGREGOR, JOHN [" Roc RoY "] (1825-1892)

Macgregor See also:

• LAIRD, MACGREGOR (18o8—1861)

Laird and other See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool merchants to open up trade on the Niger and to found a commercial See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement at the junction of the Benue with the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main stream . The expedition encountered many difficulties, suffered See also:

• GREAT

great mortality from See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and was not able to reach Bussa .

Lander made several journeys up and down stream, and while going up the river in a See also:

• CANOE (from Carib. candoa, the West Indian name found in use by Columbus; the Fr. canot, boat, and Ger. Kahn, are derived from the Lat. canna, reed, vessel)

canoe was attacked by the natives on the 2oth of January 1834 at a spot about 84 m. above the Nun mouth, and wounded by a See also:

• MUSKET (Fr. mousquet, Ger. Muskete, &c.)

musket See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball in the thigh . He was removed to Fernando Po, where he died on the 6th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . John Lander, who on his return to England in 1831 obtained a situation at the See also:

• LONDON

London customs See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house,died on the 16th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1839 of a disease contracted in Africa . See, besides the books mentioned, the Narrative of the Niger expedition of 1832-1834, published in 1837 by Macgregor Laird and R . A . K . See also:

• OLDFIELD, ANNE (1683–173o)

Oldfield .