Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR (1775-1864)

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 162 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

WALTER See also:SAVAGE See also:LANDOR (1775-1864)  , See also:English writer, In 1835 he had an unfortunate difference with his wife which eldest son of See also:Walter See also:Landor and his wife See also:Elizabeth See also:Savage, was ended in a See also:complete separation . In 1824 appeared the first See also:born at See also:Warwick on the 3oth of See also:January 1775 . [He was sent to See also:series of his Imaginary Conversations, in 1826 " the second See also:Rugby school, but was removed at the headmaster's See also:request edition, corrected and enlarged "; a supplementary third See also:volume and studied privately with Mr See also:Langley, See also:vicar of See also:Ashbourne. was added in 1828; and in 1829 the second series was given to In 1793 he entered Trinity See also:College, See also:Cambridge . He adopted the See also:world . Not until 1846 was a fresh See also:instalment added, in the republican principles and in 1794 fired a See also:gun at the windows of second volume of his collected and selected See also:works . During the a Tory for whom he had an aversion . He was rusticated for a See also:interval he had published his three other most famous and greatest See also:year, and, although the authorities were willing to condone the books in See also:prose: The See also:Citation and Examination of See also:William offence, he refused to return . The affair led to a See also:quarrel with See also:Shakespeare (1834), See also:Pericles and See also:Aspasia (1836), The Pentameron his See also:father in which Landor expressed his intention of leaving (1837) . To the last of these was originally appended The See also:home for ever . He was, however, reconciled with his See also:family Pentalogia, containing five of the very finest among his shorter through the efforts of his friend Dorothea See also:Lyttelton . He entered studies in dramatic See also:poetry . In 1847 he published his most no profession, but his father allowed him £15o a year, and he important Latin See also:work, Poemata et See also:inscriptions, comprising, was See also:free to live at home or not as he pleased.] with large additions, the See also:main contents of two former volumes In 1795 appeared in a small volume, divided into three books, of idyllic, satiric, elegiac and lyric See also:verse; and in the same See also:golden The Poems of Walter Savage Landor, and, in pamphlet See also:form of year of his poetic See also:life appeared the very See also:crown and See also:flower of nineteen pages, an See also:anonymous Moral See also:Epistle, respectfully its manifold labours, the Hellenics of Walter Savage Landor, dedicated to See also:Earl See also:Stanhope .

No poet at the See also:

age of twenty ever enlarged and completed . Twelve years later this See also:book was had more vigour of See also:style and fluency of verse; nor perhaps has re-issued, with additions of more or less value, with alterations any ever shown such masterly command of See also:epigram and See also:satire, generally to be regretted, and with omissions invariably to be made vivid and vital by the purest See also:enthusiasm and most generous deplored . In 1853 he put forth The Last See also:Fruit off an Old See also:Tree, indignation . Three years later appeared the first edition of the containing fresh conversations, See also:critical and controversial essays, first See also:great work which was to inscribe his name for ever among See also:miscellaneous epigrams, lyrics and occasional poems of various the great names in English poetry . The second edition of Gebir See also:kind and merit, closing with Five Scenes on the martyrdom appeared in 1803, with a See also:text corrected of See also:grave errors and of See also:Beatrice See also:Cenci, unsurpassed even by their author himself improved by magnificent additions . About the same See also:time the for See also:noble and heroic pathos, for subtle and genial, tragic and whole poem was also published in a Latin form, which for profound, ardent and compassionate insight into See also:character, might and See also:melody of See also:line, for See also:power and perfection of See also:language, with consummate mastery of dramatic and spiritual truth. must always dispute the See also:palm of See also:precedence with the English In 1856 he published Antony and Octavius—Scenes for the version . [His father's See also:death in 1805 put him in See also:possession of an Study, twelve consecutive poems in See also:dialogue which alone would See also:independent See also:fortune . Landor settled in See also:Bath . Here in 18o8 suffice to See also:place him high among the few great masters of historic he met See also:Southey, and the mutual appreciation of the two poets See also:drama . led to a warm friendship.] In 1808, under an impulse not less In 1858 appeared a metrical See also:miscellany bearing the See also:title of heroic than that which was afterwards to See also:lead See also:Byron to a Dry Sticks Fagoted by W . S . Landor, and containing among glorious death in redemption of See also:Greece and his own See also:good fame, other things graver and lighter certain epigrammatic and satirical Landor, then aged See also:thirty-three, See also:left See also:England for See also:Spain as a attacks which reinvolved him in the troubles of an See also:action for volunteer to serve in the See also:national See also:army against See also:Napoleon at the See also:libel; and in See also:July of the same year he returned for the last See also:head of a See also:regiment raised and supported at his See also:sole expense. six years of his life to See also:Italy, which he had left for England in After some three months' campaigning came the affair of See also:Cintra 1835 .

[He was advised to make over his See also:

property to his family, and its disasters; " his See also:troop," in the words of his biographer, on whom he was now dependent . They appear to have refused " dispersed or melted away, and he came back to England in as to make him an See also:allowance unless he returned to England . By great a See also:hurry as he had left it," but bringing with him the the exertions of See also:Robert See also:Browning an allowance was secured. See also:honourable recollection of a brave See also:design unselfishly attempted, Browning settled him first at See also:Siena and then at See also:Florence.] and the material in his memory for the sublimest poem published Embittered and distracted by domestic dissensions, if brightened in our language, between the last masterpiece of See also:Milton and the and relieved by the See also:affection and veneration of See also:friends and first masterpiece of See also:Shelley—one equally worthy to stand strangers, this final See also:period of his troubled and splendid career unchallenged beside either for poetic perfection as well as moral came at last to a quiet end on the 17th of See also:September 1864 . In See also:majesty—the lofty tragedy of See also:Count See also:Julian, which appeared in the preceding year he had published a last volume of Heroic 1812, without the name of its author . No comparable work is Idyls, with Additional Poems, English and Latin,—the better to be found in English poetry between the date of See also:Samson See also:part of them well worthy to be indeed the " last fruit " of a Agonaivtes and the date of See also:Prometheus Unbound; and with both See also:genius which after a life of eighty-eight years had lost nothing xv1 . 6 rr of its majestic and pathetic power, its exquisite and exalted loveliness . A complete See also:list of Landor's writings, published or privately printed, in English, Latin and See also:Italian, including See also:pamphlets, See also:fly-sheets and occasional newspaper See also:correspondence on See also:political or See also:literary questions, it would be difficult to give anywhere and impossible to give here . From nineteen almost to ninety his intellectual and literary activity was indefatigably incessant; but, herein at least like See also:Charles See also:Lamb, whose cordial admiration he so cordially returned, he could not write a See also:note of three lines which did not See also:bear the See also:mark of his " See also:Roman See also:hand " in its matchless and inimitable command of a style at once the most powerful and the purest of his age . The one See also:charge which can ever seriously be brought and maintained against it is that of such occasional obscurity or difficulty as may arise from excessive strictness in condensation of phrase and expurgation of See also:matter not always superfluous, and sometimes almost indispensable . His English prose and his Latin verse are perhaps more frequently and more gravely liable to this charge than either his English verse or his Latin prose . At times it is well-nigh impossible for an See also:eye less keen and See also:swift, a scholarship less exquisite and ready than his own, to catch the precise direction and follow the perfect course of his rapid thought and radiant utterance . This apparently studious pursuit and preference of the most terse and elliptic expression which could be found for anything he might have to say could not but occasionally make even so See also:sovereign a See also:master of two great See also:languages appear " dark with excess of See also:light "; but from no former master of either See also:tongue in prose or verse was ever the quality of real obscurity, of loose and nebulous incertitude, more utterly See also:alien or more naturally remote .

There is nothing of See also:

cloud or See also:fog about the path on which he leads us; but we feel now and then the want of a See also:bridge or a handrail; we have to leap from point to point of narrative or See also:argument without the usual help of a connecting See also:plank . Even in his dramatic works, where least of all it should have been found, this lack of visible connexion or sequence in details of thought or action is too often a source of sensible perplexity . In his noble trilogy on the See also:history of Giovanna See also:queen of See also:Naples it is sometimes actually difficult to realize on a first See also:reading what has happened or is happening, or how, or why, or by what agency—a defect alone sufficient, but unhappily sufficient in itself, to explain the too See also:general See also:ignorance of a work so See also:rich in subtle and noble treatment of character, so sure and strong in its grasp and rendering of " high actions and high passions," so rich in See also:humour and in pathos, so royally serene in its commanding power upon the tragic mainsprings of terror and of pity . As a poet, he may be said on the whole to stand midway between Byron and Shelley--about as far above the former as below the latter . If we except See also:Catullus and See also:Simonides, it might be hard to match and it would be impossible to overmatch the flawless and blameless yet living and breathing beauty of his most perfect elegies, epigrams or epitaphs . As truly as prettily was he likened by See also:Leigh See also:Hunt " to a stormy See also:mountain See also:pine which should produce lilies." His passionate compassion, his See also:bitter and burning pity for all wrongs endured in all the world, found only their natural and inevitable outlet in his lifelong See also:defence or advocacy of tyrannicide as the last resource of baffled See also:justice, the last See also:discharge of heroic See also:duty . His See also:tender and ardent love of See also:children, of animals and of See also:flowers makes fragrant alike the pages of his See also:writing and the records of his life . He was as surely the most See also:gentle and generous as the most headstrong and hot-headed of heroes or of men . Nor ever was any See also:man's best work more thoroughly imbued and informed with See also:evidence of his noblest qualities . His See also:loyalty and liberality of See also:heart were as inexhaustible as his See also:bounty and beneficence of hand . Praise and encouragement, deserved or undeserved, came yet more readily to his lips than See also:challenge or See also:defiance . Reviled and ridiculed by See also:Lord Byron, he retorted on the offender living less readily and less warmly than he lamented and extolled him dead .

On the noble dramatic works of his See also:

brother Robert he lavished a magnificence of sympathetic praise which his utmost self-estimate would never have exacted for his own . Age and thelapse of time could neither heighten nor lessen the fulness of this rich and ready generosity . To the poets of his own and of the next See also:generation he was not readier to do See also:honour than to those of a later growth, and not seldom of deserts far See also:lower and far lesser claims than theirs . That he was not unconscious of his own, and avowed it with the See also:frank simplicity of nobler times, is not more evident or more certain than that in comparison with his friends and See also:fellows he was liable rather to undervalue than to overrate himself . He was a classic, and no formalist; the wide range of his just and loyal admiration had See also:room for a genius so far from classical as See also:Blake's . Nor in his own highest See also:mood or method of creative as of critical work was he a classic only, in any narrow or exclusive sense of the See also:term . On either See also:side, immediately or hardly below his mighty master-piece of Pericles and Aspasia, stand the two scarcely less beautiful and vivid studies of See also:medieval Italy and Shakespearean England . The very finest flower of his immortal dialogues is probably to be found in the single volume comprising only " Imaginary Conversations of Greeks and See also:Romans "; his utmost command of See also:passion and pathos may be tested by its transcendent success in the distilled and concentrated tragedy of Tiberius and Vipsania, where for once he shows a quality more proper to romantic than classical See also:imagination—the subtle and See also:sublime and terrible power to enter the dark See also:vestibule of See also:distraction, to throw the whole force of his See also:fancy, the whole See also:fire of his spirit, into the " shadowing passion " (as Shakespeare calls it) of gradually imminent See also:insanity . Yet, if this and all other studies from See also:ancient history or See also:legend could be subtracted from the volume of his work, enough would be left whereon to See also:rest the See also:foundation of a fame which time could not sensibly impair . (A . C .

End of Article: WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR (1775-1864)
[back]
LETITIA ELIZABETH LANDON (18o2-1838)
[next]
LANDOUR

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click and select "copy." Paste it into a website, email, or other HTML document.