See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

RITTER VON KARL HEINRICH See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• RITTER VON KARL HEINRICH LANG (1764-1835)

LANG (1764-1835)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1764 at Balgheim, near See also:

• NORDLINGEN

Nordlingen . From the first he was greatly attracted towards See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical studies, and this was shown when he began to attend the gymnasium of Oettingen, and in 1782, when he went to the university of See also:

• ALTDORF

Altdorf, near See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he studied See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, and in 1782 became a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government clerk at Oettingen . About the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period began his activities as a journalist and publicist . But See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang did not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remain an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official . He was of a restless, changeable See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, which constantly involved him in See also:

• PERSONAL

personal quarrels, though he was equally See also:

• QUICK

quick to retire from them . In 1788 he obtained a position as private See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and in 1789 became private secretary to See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron von Biihler, the See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . This led to further travels and to his entering the service of the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein . In 1792 Lang again betook himself to a university, this time to See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen . Here he came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the historian, See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig See also:

• TIMOTHEUS

Timotheus Spittler, from whom, as also from Johannes von See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller and See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845)
• SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1719-1749)
• SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829)

Schlegel, his historical studies received a fresh impulse . At intervals from 1793 to 18o1 Lang was closely connected with the Prussian statesman See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg, who employed him as his private secretary and archivist, and in 1797 he was See also:

• PRESENT

present with Hardenberg at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Rastadt as secretary to the See also:

• LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation . He was occupied chiefly with affairs of the principalities of Anspach and See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth, newly acquired by See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, and especially in the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of disputes with See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria as to their boundaries .

When in 1805 the principalities became See also:

• PART

part of Bavaria, Lang entered the Bavarian service (18o6), was ennobled in 18o8 and from 1810 to 1817 held the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of archivist in See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich . He again devoted himself with See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm to historical studies, which naturally dealt chiefly with Bavarian See also:

• HISTORY

history . He evolved the theory, among other things, that the boundaries of the old counties or pagi (Gaue) were identical with those of the dioceses . This theory was combated in later days, and caused great confusion in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of historical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography . For the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, Lang did great service to the study of the history of Bavaria, especially by bringing fresh material from the archives to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon it . He also kept up his activity as a publicist, in 1814 defending in a detailed and somewhat biassed pamphlet the policy of the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister See also:

• MONTGELAS, MAXIMILIAN JOSEF GARNERIN, COUNT VON (1759-1838)

Montgelas, and he undertook See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical studies in the history of °the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits . In 1817 Lang retired from active See also:

• LIFE

life, and until his See also:

• DEATH

death, which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the 26th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1835, lived chiefly in See also:

• ANSBACH

Ansbach . Lang is best known through his Memoiren, which appeared at See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick in two parts in 1842, and were republished in 1881 in a second edition . They contain much of See also:

• INTEREST

interest for the history of the period, but have to be used with the greatest caution on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their pronounced tendency to See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire . Lang's character, as can be gathered especially from a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of his behaviour at Munich, is darkened by many shadows . He did not See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple, for instance, to strike out of the lists of witnesses to See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval charters, before See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing them, the names of families which he disliked . Of his very numerous See also:

• LITERARY

literary productions the following may be mentioned: Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der naliirlichen and politischen Verfassung See also:

• DES

des oettingischen Vaterlandes (1786) ; Ein Votum fiber den Witcher von einem Manne sine See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto (1791) ; Historische Entwicklung der deutschen Steuerverfassungen (1793); Historische Priifung des zermeintlichen Alters der deutschen Landstande (1796) ; Neuere Geschichte des Ffirstentums Bayreuth (1486–1603) (1798–1811); Tubellen fiber Flacheninhalt See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea'c. and bevorstehende Verluste der deutschen Reichsstdnde .

(On the occasion of the congress of Rastadt, 1798); Der Minister See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf von Montgelas (1814); Geschichte der Jesuiten in Bayern (1819); and Bayerns Gauen (Nuremberg, 1830) . See K . Th. v . See also:

• HEIGEL, KARL AUGUST VON (1835-1905)

Heigel, Augsburger allgemeine Zeitung for 1878, p . 1969 et seq., 1986 et seq . (Beilage of the 14th and 15th of May) ; F . Muncker, in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xvii . (1883) ; F . X. v . \Wegele, Geschichte der deutschen Historiographic (1885) . (J .