See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

LAODICEA AD LYCUMM (mod. See also:

• DENIZLI (anc. Laodicea (q.v.)

Denizli, q.v.)  was founded probably by See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus II . Theos (261–46 B.C.), and named after his wife Laodice . Its site is See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the station of Gonjeli on the Anatolian railway . Here was one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest homes of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity and the seat of one of the seven churches of the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny states (v . 29) that the See also:

• TOWN

town was called in older times Diospolis and Rhoas; but at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period See also:

• COLOSSAE

Colossae, a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and See also:

• HIERAPOLIS

Hierapolis, 6 m. to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, were the See also:

• GREAT

great cities of the neighbourhood, and See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

Laodicea was of no importance till the Seleucid See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation (See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo, p . 578) . A favourable site was found on some See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills of alluvial formation, about 2 M . S. of the See also:

• RIVER

river Lycus (Churuk Su) and 9 m . E. of the confluence of the Lycus and Maeander . The great See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade route from the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates and the interior passed to it through See also:

• APAMEA

Apamea . There it forked, one See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch going down the Maeander valley to See also:

• MAGNESIA

Magnesia and thence north to See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, a distance of about 90 m., and the other branch See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the mountains by an easy pass to See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia and the Hermus valley, See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis, Thyatira and at last See also:

• PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

Pergamum .

St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul (See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col. iv . 15) alludes to the situation of Laodicea beside Colossae and Hierapolis; and the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in which the last five churches of the Apocalypse are enumerated (Rev. i. ii) is explained by their position on the road just described . Placed in this situation, in the centre of a very fertile See also:

• DISTRICT

district, Laodicea became a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . It was famous for its See also:

• MONEY

money transactions (Cie . Ad Fam. ii . 17, iii . 5), and for the beautiful soft See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool grown by the See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country (Strabo 578) . Both points are referred to in the See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church (Rev. iii . 17, 18) . Little is known of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the town . It suffered greatly from a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in the Mithradatic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, but soon recovered its prosperity under the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . The See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus of Laodicea, with the curious epithet Azeus or Azeis, is a frequent See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol on the city coins .

He is represented See also:

• STANDING

standing, holding in the extended right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand an See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle, in the See also:

• LEFT

left a See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear, the hasta pura . Not far from the city was the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Men Karou, withA a great medical school; while Laodicea itself produced some famous Sceptic philosophers, and gave origin to the royal See also:

• FAMILY

family of Polemon and Zenon, whose curious history has been illustrated in See also:

• RECENT

recent times (W . H . See also:

• WADDINGTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1826–1894)

Waddington, Melanges de Numism. See also:

• SER

ser. ii.; Th . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Ephem . Epigraph. i. and ii.; M . G . Rayet, Milet et le Golfe Latmique, See also:

• CHAP

chap. v.) . The city See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell finally into decay in the frontier See also:

• WARS

wars with the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish invaders . Its ruins are of wide extent, but not of great beauty or See also:

• INTEREST

interest; there is no doubt, however, that much has been buried beneath the See also:

• SURFACE

surface by the frequent earthquakes to which the district is exposed (Strabo 58o; Tac . See also:

• ANN

Ann. xiv . 27) .

See W . M . See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia, i.-ii . (1895) ; Letters to the Seven Churches (1904); and the beautiful drawings of See also:

• COCKERELL, CHARLES ROBERT (1788-1863)

Cockerell in the Antiquities of See also:

• IONIA

Ionia, vol. iii. pl.47-51 . (A . H .