LAOS  , or LAOTIOxs, an important See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the widespread Thai or Shan See also:

• RACE

race found throughout Indo-See also:

• CHINA

China from 28° N. and the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the See also:

• IRRAWADDY, or IRAWADI

Irrawaddy as far as See also:

• CAMBODIA

Cambodia and 7° N. in the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula . This Thai See also:

• FAMILY

family includes the See also:

• SHANS

Shans proper, and the Siamese . The name Lao, which appears to mean simply " See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man," is the collective Siamese See also:

• TERM

term for all the Thai peoples subject to See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam, while Shan, said to be of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese origin, is the collective Burmese term for those subject to See also:

• BURMA

Burma . Lao is therefore rather a See also:

• POLITICAL

political than an ethnical See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, and the See also:

• PEOPLE

people cordially dislike the name, insisting on their right to be called Thai . Owing to the different circumstances which have attended their migrations, the Thai peoples have attained to varying degrees of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . The Lao, who descended from. the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain districts of Yunnan, Szechuen and Kweichow to the highland plains of upper Indo-China, and drove the wilder Kha peoples whom they found in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession into the hills, mostly adopted See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism, and formed small settled communities or states in which See also:

• LAWS

laws were easy, taxes See also:

• LIGHT

light and a very See also:

• FAIR

fair degree of comfort was attained . There are two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main divisions, the Lao Pong See also:

• DAM

Dam (" See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Paunch Laos "), so-called from their See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

tattooing the See also:

• BODY

body from the See also:

• WAIST

waist to the knees, and the Lao Pong Kao (" See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Paunch Laos ") who do not See also:

• TATTOO

tattoo . Lao tattooing is of a most elaborate See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . The Lao Pong Dam now See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the western See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Lao family, inhabiting the Siamese Lao states of Chieng See also:

• MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

Mai Lapaun, 'See also:

• TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)

Tern Pre and Nan, and reaching as far See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south as 17° N . Various influences have contributed to making the Lao the pleasant, easy-going, idle See also:

• FELLOW

fellow that he is . The result is that practically all the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of these states is in the hands of See also:

• BANGKOK

Bangkok Chinese firms, of a certain number of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European houses and others, while most of the See also:

• MANUAL

manual labour connected with the See also:

• TEAK

teak See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is done by Ka See also:

• MUS

Mus, who migrate in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers from the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• MEKONG, or ME NAM KONG (pronounced Kawng)

Mekong . The Lao Pong Kao, or eastern branch, appear to have migrated southwards by the more easterly route of the Nam-u and the Mekong valley .

In contradistinction to the Lao Pong Dam, who have derived their written See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language from the Burmese See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, the eastern race has retained what appears to be the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early form ofthe See also:

• PRESENT

present Siamese See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, from which it differs little . They formed important settlements at various points on the Mekong, notably Luang Prabang, Wieng Chan (See also:

• VIEN, JOSEPH MARIE (1716-1809)

Vien-Tiane) Ubon and Bassac; and, heading inland as far as See also:

• KORAT

Korat or, the one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and the Annamite See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, they drove out the less civilized Kha peoples, and even the Cambodians, as the Lao Pong Dam did on. the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . Vien-Tiane during the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century was the most powerful of the Lao principalities, and was feared and respected throughout Indo-China . It was destroyed by the Siamese in 1828 . The inhabitants, in accordance with the Indo-Chinese See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, were transported to See also:

• LOWER

Lower Siam . The Lao Pong Kao below 18° N. are a less merry and less vivacious people, and are for the most See also:

• PART

part shorter and more thick-set than those of Luang Prabang and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . If possible, they are as a race lazier than the western Lao, as they are certainly more musical . The " khen," or mouth See also:

• ORGAN

organ, which is universal among them, is the sweetest-toned of eastern See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . After 1828 the Laos became entirely subject to Siam, and were governed partly by khiao, or native hereditary princes, partly by mandarins directly nominated by the Bangkok authorities . The khiao were invested by a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold dish, betel-See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box, spittoon and teapot, which were sent from Bangkok and returned at their See also:

• DEATH

death or deposition . Of all the khiao the most powerful was the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Ubon (15° N., 105° E.), whose See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction extended nearly from Bassac on the Mekong northwards to the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• BEND

bend of that See also:

• RIVER

river . Nearly all the Laos See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is now divided between See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Siam, and only a few tribes retain a nominal See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence .

The many contradictory accounts of the Laos are due to the fact that the race has become much mixed with the aboriginal inhabitants . The See also:

• HALF

half-castes sprung from alliances with the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild tribes of Caucasic stock present every variety between that type and the Mongolian . But the pure Laos are still distinguished by the high cheek-bones, small See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, oblique eyes, wide mouth, black lank See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, sparse See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard, and yellow complexion of the Thai and other branches of the Mongol family . In disposition the Laos are an apathetic, See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace-loving, pleasant-mannered race . Though the See also:

• WOMEN

women have to See also:

• WORK

work, they are See also:

• FREE

free and well treated, and See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy is rare . The Laos are very superstitious, believe in wer-wolves, and that all diseases are caused by evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits . Their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food is See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . Men, women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children all See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco . The civilized Laos were See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long addicted to slave-See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, not only with the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction but even with the co-operation of their rulers; the Lao mandarins heading See also:

• REGULAR

regular expeditions against the wilder tribes . Closely allied with the Lao are a number of tribes found throughout the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill regions of the upper Mekong, between Yunnan and Kwangsi in China and the upper See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the See also:

• MENAM, or ME

Menam in Siam . They have all within See also:

• RECENT

recent times been partakers in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement towards the south-west from the highland districts of southern China, which has produced so many recruits for the peopling of the Indo-Chinese peninsula . Of this See also:

• GROUP

group of people, among whom may be named the Yao, Yao Yin, Lanten, Meo, Musur (or Muhso) and See also:

• KAW, or KANSA

Kaw, perhaps the best known and most like the Lao are the Lu—both names meaning originally " man "—who have in many cases adopted a form of Buddhism (flavoured strongly by their natural respect for See also:

• LOCAL

local spirits as well as tattooing) and other relatively civilized customs, and have forsaken their wandering See also:

• LIFE

life among the hills for a more settled See also:

• VILLAGE

village existence .

See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

Hardy, See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and industrious, fond of See also:

• MUSIC

music, kind-hearted, and with a strangely See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste in See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, these people possess in a wonderful degree the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of cheerful contentment . LAO-TSZE, or LAOU-TSZE, the designation of the Chinese author of the celebrated See also:

• TREATISE

treatise called Tao Teh See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, and the reputed founder of the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion called Tdoism . The Chinese characters composing the designation may mean either " the Old Son," which commonly assumes with foreigners the form of " the Old Boy," or " the Old Philosopher." The latter significance is attached to them by Dr See also:

• CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1759-1834)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL (1836-1878)
• CHALMERS, JAMES (1841-1901)
• CHALMERS, THOMAS (1780-1847)

Chalmers in his See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the treatise published in 1868 under the title of The Speculations on See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

Metaphysics, Polity and Morality of " the Old Philosopher," Ldo-tsze . The former is derived from a fabulous See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Lao-tsze in the Shdn Hsien Chwan; " The Account of Spirits and Immortals," of Ko Hung in the 4th century A.D.' According to this, his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, after a supernatural conception, carried him in her womb sixty-two years (or seventy-two, or eighty-one—ten years more or fewer are of little importance in such a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case), so that, when he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at last, his hair was white as with See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and people might well See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call him " the old boy." The other meaning of the designation rests on better authority . We find it in the Kid or " Narratives of the Confucian School," compiled in the 3rd century A.D. from documents said to have been preserved among the descendants of See also:

• CONFUCIUS [K'ung tsze] (550 or 551-478 B.C.)

Confucius, and also in the brief See also:

• HISTORY

history of Lao-tsze given in the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical records of Sze-ma Ch'ien (about roo B.C.) . In the latter instance the designation is used by Confucius, and possibly it originated with him . It should be regarded more as an epithet of respect than of years, and is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to "the See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

Venerable Philosopher." All that Ch'ien tells us about L'ao-tsze goes into small See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass . His surname was Li, and his name Urh . He was a native of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Chia, and was See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn in a See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet not far from the present prefectural See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Kwei-te in Ho-nan See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . He was one of the recorders or historiographers at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Chow, his See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department being the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the whole or a portion of the royal library . He must thus have been able to make himself acquainted with the history of his country . Ch'ien does not mention the See also:

• YEAR

year of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, which is often said, though on what Chinese authority does not appear, to have taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the third year of King Phing, corresponding to 604 B.C .

That date cannot be far from the truth . That he was contemporary with Confucius is established by the concurrent testimony of the Li Kt, and the Kid See also:

• YII

Yii on the Confucian side, and of Chwang-tsze and Sze-ma Ch'ien on the Taoist . The two men whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence has been so great on all the subsequent generations of the Chinese people—Kung-tsze (Confucius) and Lao-tsze—had at least one interview, in 517 B.C., when the former was in his See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-fifth year . The conversation between them was interesting . Lao was in a mocking See also:

• MOOD

mood; Kung appears to the greater See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . If it be true that Confucius, when he was fifty-one years old, visited Lao-tsze as Chwang-tsze says (in the Thien Yun, the fourteenth of his See also:

• TREATISES

treatises), to ask about the Tdo, they must have had more than one interview . Dr Chalmers, however, has pointed out that both Chwang-tsze and Lieh-tsze (a still earlier Taoist writer) produce Confucius in their writings, as the lords of the See also:

• PHILISTINES

Philistines did the See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive See also:

• SAMSON (1135-1211)
• SAMSON (cf. Heb. shemesh, " sun ")
• SAMSON, JOSEPH ISIDORE (1793-1871)

Samson on their festive occasions, " to make See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport for them." Their testimony is valueless as to any See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact . There may have been several meetings between the two in 517 B.C., but we have no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that they were together in the same place after that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Ch'ien adds:—" Lao-tsze cultivated the Tdo and virtue, his chief aim in his studies being how to keep himself concealed and unknown . He resided at (the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of) Chow; but after a long time, seeing the decay of the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, he left it, and went away to the See also:

• GATE

Gate (leading from the royal domain into the regions beyond—at the entrance of the pass of Han-kfl, in the north-west of Ho-nan) . Yin Hsi, the See also:

• WARDEN

warden of the Gate. said to him, ' You are about to withdraw yourself out of sight; I pray you to compose for me a See also:

• BOOK

book (before you go).' On this Lao-tsze made a writing, setting forth his views on the tdo and virtue, in two sections, containing more than 5000 characters . He then went away, and it is not known where he died." The historian then mentions the names of two other men whom some regarded as the true Lao-tsze .

One of them was a Lao Lai, a See also:

• CON

con-temporary of Confucius, who wrote fifteen treatises (or sections) on the practices of the school of Tdo . Subjoined to the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of him is the remark that Lao-tsze was more than one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and sixty years old, or, as some say, more than two hundred, because by the cultivation of the Tdo he nourished his See also:

• LONGEVITY

longevity . The other was " a See also:

• GRAND

grand historiographer " of Chow, called Tan, one hundred and twenty-nine (? one hundred and nineteen) years after the death of Confucius . The introduction of these disjointed notices detracts from the verisimilitude of the whole narrative in which they occur . Finally, Ch'ien states that " Lho-tsze was a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior man, who liked to keep in obscurity," traces the See also:

• LINE

line of his posterity down to the 2nd century B.C., and concludes with this important statement:—" Those who attach themselves to the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of Lao-tsze condemn that of the literati, and the literati on their part condemn Lao-tsze, thus verifying the saying, ' Parties whose principles are different cannot take counsel together.' Li Urh taught that transformation follows, as a matter of course, the doing nothing (to bring it about), and rectification ensnes in the same way from being pure and still." Accepting the Tdo Teh King as the veritable work of Lao-tsze, we may now examine its contents . Consisting of not more than between five and six thousand characters, it is but a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short treatise—not half the See also:

• SIZE

size of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel of St See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark . The nature of the subject, however, the want of any progress of thought or of logical connexion between its different parts, and the condensed See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with the mystic tendencies and poetical temperament of the author, make its meaning extraordinarily obscure . Divided at first into two parts, it has subsequently and conveniently been subdivided into chapters . One of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest, and the most See also:

• COMMON

common, of these arrangements makes the chapters eighty-two . Some See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic missionaries, two centuries ago, fancied that they found a wonderful See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony between many passages and the teaching of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . Montucci of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Supposed ventured to say in 1808: " Many things about a harmony Triune See also:

• GOD

God are so clearly expressed that no one who with has read this book can doubt that the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery of the' siaiirai See also:

• HOLY

Holy Trinity was revealed to the Chinese five centuries teaching. before the coming of Jesus See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ." Even See also:

• REMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL (1788-1832)

Remusat, the first occupant of a Chinese See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, published at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1823 his Memoire sur la See also:

• VIE

vie et See also:

• LES

les opinions de Ldo-tsze, to vindicate the view that the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew name Yahweh was phonetic-ally represented in the fourteenth See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter by Chinese characters . These fancies were exploded by Stanislas See also:

• JULIEN, STANISLAS (1797?-1873)

Julien, when he issued in 1842 his translation of the whole treatise as Le Livre de la voie et de la vertu .

The most important thing is to determine what we are to understand by the Tdo, for Teh is merely its outcome, especially in man, and is rightly translated by " virtue." Julien translated Tdo by " la voie." Chalmers leaves it untranslated . " No See also:

• ENGLISH

English word," he says (p. xi.), " is its exact equivalent . Three terms suggest themselves—the way, See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason and the word; but they are all liable to objection . Were we guided by See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology, ` the way ' would come nearest the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, and in one or two passages the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a way seems to be in the term; but this is too materialistic to serve the purpose of a translation . ` Reason,' again, seems to be more like a quality or attribute of some conscious being than Tdo is . I would translate it by ` the Word,' in the sense of the See also:

• LOGOS (X4os)

Logos, but this would be like settling the question which I wish to leave open, viz. what resemblance there is between the Logos of the New Testament and this Chinese Tao." Later Sinologues in China have employed " nature " as our best analogue of the term . Thus Watters (Ldo-tsze, A Study in Chinese See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy, p . 45) says:— " In the Tdo Teh King the originator of the universe is referred to under the names Non-Existence, Existence, Nature (Tdo) and various designations—all which, however, represent one idea in various manifestations . It is in all cases Nature (Tdo) which is meant." This view has been skilfully worked out; but it only hides the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of " the Venerable Philosopher." " Nature " cannot be accepted as a translation of Tdo . That character was, primarily, the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of a way, road or path; and then, figuratively, it was used, as we also use way, in the senses of means and method—the course that we pursue in passing from one thing or concept to another as its end or result . It is the name of a quality . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas has well said (Confucianism and Tdoism, p .

189) : " If we were compelled to adopt a single word to represent the Tdo of Lao-tsze, we should prefer the sense in which it is used by Confucius, ` the way,' that is, thOo8os." What, then, was the quality which Lao-tsze had in view, and which he thought of as the Tdo—there in the library of Chow, at the pass of the valley of Han, and where he met The the end of his life beyond the limits of the civilized doctrine state ? It was the simplicity of spontaneity, See also:

• ACTION

action of" the (which might be called non-action) without See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive, WAY'" free from all selfish purpose, resting in nothing but its own accomplishment . This is found in the phenomena of the material See also:

• WORLD

world . " All things springup without a word spoken, and grow without a claim for their See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . They go through their processes without any display of See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride in them; and the results are realized without any See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of ownership . It is owing to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of such assumption that the results and their processes do not disappear " (See also:

• CHAP

chap. ii.) . It only needs the same quality in the arrangements and See also:

• MEASURES

measures of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to make society beautiful and happy . " A government conducted by sages would free the See also:

• HEARTS

hearts of the people from inordinate desires, fill their bellies, keep their ambitions feeble and strengthen their bones . They would constantly keep the people without knowledge and free from desires; and, where there were those who had knowledge, they would have them so that they would not dare to put it in practice " (chap. iii.) . A corresponding course observed by individual man in his government of himself becoming again " as a little See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child" (chaps. x. and See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii.) will have corresponding results . " His See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant virtue will be See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and he will return to the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive simplicity " (chap. xxviii.) . Such is the subject matter of the Tdo Teh King—the operation of this method or Tdo, " without striving or crying," in nature, in society and in the individual .

Much that is very beautiful and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical is inculcated in connexion with its working in the individual character . The writer seems to feel that he cannot say enough on the virtue of humility (chap. viii., &c.) . There were three things which he prized and held fast—See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle compassion, See also:

• ECONOMY

economy and the not presuming to take See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence in the world (chap. lxvii.) . His teaching rises to its highest point in chap. lxiii.:— " It is the way of Tdo not to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act from any See also:

• PERSONAL

personal motive, to conduct affairs without feeling the trouble of them, to taste without being aware of the flavour, to account the great as small and the small as great, to recompense injury with kindness." This last and noblest characteristic of the Tao, the requiting " See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good for evil," is not touched on again in the treatise; but we know that it excited general See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention at the time, and was the subject of conversation between Confucius and his disciples (Confucian Analects, xiv . 36) . What is said in the Tao on government is not, all of it, so satisfactory . The writer shows, indeed, the benevolence of his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart . He seems to condemn the infliction of capital See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment (chaps. lxxiii. and lxxiv.), and he deplores the practice of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (chap . 1xix.); but he had no sympathy with the progress of society or with the culture and arts of life . He says (chap. lxv.):—" Those who anciently were skilful in practising the Tao did not use it to enlighten the people; 'their See also:

• OBJECT

object rather was to keep them simple . The difficulty in governing the people arises from their having too much knowledge, and therefore he who tries to govern a state by See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom is a See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge to it, while he who does not try to govern thereby is a blessing." The last chapter but one is the following:— " In a small state with a few inhabitants, I would so See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order it that the people, though supplied with all kinds of implements, would not (care to) use them; I would give them cause to look on death as a most grievous thing, while yet they would not go away to a distance to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from it . Though they had boats and carriages, they should have no occasion to ride in them .

Though they had See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff-coats and See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp weapons, they should not See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don or use them . I would make them return to the use of knotted cords (instead of written characters) . They should think their coarse food sweet, their See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain clothing beautiful, their poor houses places of See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest and their common simple ways sources of enjoyment . There should be a neighbouring state within sight, and the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of the fowls and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs should be heard from it to us without interruption, but I would make the people to old age, even to death, have no intercourse with it." On See also:

• READING

reading these sentiments, we must See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of Lao-tsze that, with all his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of thought, he was only a dreamer . But thus far there is no difficulty arising from his language in regard to the Tdo . It is simply a quality, descriptive of the style of character and action, which the individual should seek to attain in himself, and the ruler to impress on his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . The language about the Tao in nature is by no means so clear . While Sir Robert Douglas says that " the way " would be the best translation of Tao, he immediately adds:— " But Tdo is more than the way . It is the way and the way-goer . It is an eternal road; along it all beings and things walk; but no being made it, for it is being itself; it is everything, and nothing Some of these representations require modification; but no thoughtful reader of the treatise can fail to be often puzzled by what is said on the point in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Julien, indeed, says with truth (p. xiii.) that " it is impossible to take Tao for the primordial Reason, for the See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

sublime Intelligence, which has created and governs the world "; but many of Lao-tsze's statements are unthinkable if there be not behind the Tao the unexpressed recognition of a personal creator and ruler . Granted that he does not affirm positively the existence of such a Being, yet certainly he does not deny it, and his language even implies it .

It has been said, indeed, that he denies it, and we are referred in See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof to the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth chapter:— " Tao is like the emptiness of a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel; and the use of it, we may say, must be free from all self-sufficiency . How deep and mysterious it is, as if it were the author of all things ! We should make our sharpness See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

blunt, and unravel the complications of things; we should attemper our brightness, and assimilate ourselves to the obscurity caused by dust . How still and clear is Tao, a phantasm with the semblance of permanence ! I do not know whose son it is . It might appear to have been before God (Ti)." The reader will not overlook the cautious and dubious manner in which the predicates of Tdo are stated in this remarkable passage . The author does not say that it was before God, but that " it might appear " to have been so . Nowhere else in his treatise does the nature of Tdo as a method or style of action come out more clearly . It has no See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive existence of itself; it is but like the emptiness of a vessel, and the manifestation of it by men requires that they endeavour to free themselves from all self-sufficiency . Whence came it ? It does not See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock Lao-tsze to suppose that it had a See also:

• FATHER

father, but he cannot tell whose son it is . And, as the feeling of its mysteriousness grows on him, he ventures to say that " it might appear to have been before God." There is here no denial but See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express recognition of the existence of God, so far as it is implied in the name Ti, which is the personal name for the concept of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven as the ruling power, by means of which the fathers of the Chinese people See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in prehistoric time to the idea of God .

Again and again Lao-tsze speaks of heaven just as " we do when we mean thereby the Deity who presides over heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth." These last words are taken from Watters (p . 8r); and, though he adds, " We must not forget that this heaven is inferior and subsequent to the mysterious Tao, and was in fact produced by it," it has been shown how rash and unwarranted is the ascription of such a sentiment to "the Venerable Philosopher." He makes the Tao See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to heaven and earth, which is a phrase denoting what we often call " nature," but he does not make it prior to heaven in the higher and immaterial usage of that name . The last See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of his treatise is:— " It is the Tao—the way—of Heaven to benefit and not injure; it is the Tao—the way—of the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage to do and not strive." Since Julien laid the Tdo Teh King fairly open to Western readers in 1842, there has been a tendency to overestimate rather than to underestimate its value as a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of thought and a discipline for the individual and society . There are in it lessons of unsurpassed value, such as the inculcation of simplicity, humility and self-abnegation, and especially the brief enunciation of the divine See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of returning good for See also:

• ILL

ill; but there are also the regretful representations of a primitive society when men were ignorant of the rudiments of culture, and the longings for its return . When it was thought that the treatise made known the doctrine of the Trinity, and even gave a phonetic See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the Hebrew name for God, it was natural, even necessary, to believe that its author had had communication with more western parts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and there was much See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation about visits to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea, and even to See also:

• GREECE

Greece . The See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for assuming such travels has passed away . If we can receive Sze-ma Ch'ien's histories as trustworthy, L"ao-tsze might have heard, in the states of Chow and among the wild tribes adjacent to them, views about society and government very like his own . Ch'ien relates how an envoyy came in 624 B.c.—twenty years before the date assigned to the birtkt of Lao-tsze—to the court of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Mu of Ch'in, sent by the king of some See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude hordes on the west . The duke told him of the histories rr The Ta"o and the Deity . poems, codes of See also:

• RITES

rites, music and laws which they had in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle states, while yet See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion and disorder were of frequent occurrence, and asked how good order was secured among the wild people, who had none of those appliances . The See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy smiled, and replied that the troubles of China were occasioned by those very things of which the duke vaunted, and that there had been a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual degeneration in the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of its states, as their professed civilization had increased, ever since the days of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient sage, Hwang Ti, whereas in the See also:

• LAND

land he came from, where there was nothing but the primitive simplicity, their princes showed a pure virtue in their treatment of the people, who responded to them with See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty and good faith . " The government of a state," said he in conclusion, " is like a man's ruling his own single See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person .

He rules it, and does not know how he does so; and this was indeed the method of the sages." Lao-tsze did not need to go further afield to find all that he has said about government . We have confined ourselves to the See also:

• TAOISM

Taoism of the Tao Teh King without touching on the religion Taoism now existing in China, but The which did not take shape until more than five hundred Taoism years after the death of Lao-tsze, though he now occupies of to-day. the second place in its trinity of "The three Pure or Holy Ones." There is hardly a word in his treatise that savours either of superstition or religion . In the See also:

• WORKS

works of Lieh-tsze and Chwang-tsze, his earliest followers of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, we find abundance of See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque superstitions; but their beliefs (if indeed we can say that they had beliefs) had not become embodied in any religious institutions . When we come to the Ch'in dynasty (221–206 B.c.), we meet with a Taoism in the shape of a See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for the See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy islands of the eastern See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, where the See also:

• HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb.of See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality might be gathered . In the 1st century A.D. a magician, called Chang Tao-See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling, comes before us as the chief See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor and controller of this Taoism, preparing in retirement " the pill " which renewed his youth, supreme over all spirits, and destroying millions of demons by a stroke of his See also:

• PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail)

pencil . He left his books, talismans and charms, with his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword and See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal, to his descendants, and one of them, professing to be animated by his soul, dwells on the See also:

• LUNG

Lung-ha' mountain in Kiang-si, the acknowledged See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head or See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)