LATIUM  ,' in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, the name given to the portion of central See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy which was bounded on the N.W. by See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria, on the S.W. by the Tyrrhenian See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, on the S.E. by See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania, on the E. by Samnium and on the N.E. by the mountainous See also:

• DISTRICT

district inhabited by the See also:

• SABINI

Sabini, See also:

• AEQUI

Aequi and See also:

• MARSI

Marsi . The name was, however, applied very differently at different times . Latium originally means the See also:

• LAND

land of the See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini, and in this sense, which alone is in use historically, it was a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of limited extent; but after the overthrow of the Latin confederacy, when the neighbouring tribes of the See also:

• RUTULI

Rutuli, See also:

• HERNICI

Hernici, See also:

• VOLSCI

Volsci and See also:

• AURUNCI

Aurunci, as well as the Latini properly so called, were reduced to the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of subjects and citizens of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, the name of Latium was extended to comprise them all . It thus denoted the whole See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country from the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber to the mouth of the Savo, and just included the See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons See also:

• MASSICUS, MONS

Massicus, though the boundary was not very precisely fixed (see below) . The See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change thus introduced, though already See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest in the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Latin See also:

• LEAGUE

league (see below) was not formally established till the reign of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, who formed of this larger Latium and Campania taken together the first region of Italy; but it is already recognized by See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (v . 3 . 2. p . 228), as well as by See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, who terms the additional territory thus incorporated Latium Adjectum, while he designates the'See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Latium, extending from the Tiber to Circeii, as Latium Antiquum . 1 . LATIUM ANNTIQUUn1 consisted principally of an extensive See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, now known as the Campagna di See also:

• ROMA

Roma, bounded towards the interior by the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, which rise very abruptly from the plains to a height of between 4000 and 5000 ft . Several of the Latin cities, including See also:

• TIBUR (mod. Tivoli, q.v.)

Tibur and See also:

• PRAENESTE (mod. Palestrina)

Praeneste, were situated on the See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace-like underfalls of these mountains,2 while Cora, See also:

• NORBA

Norba and See also:

• SETIA (mod. Sezze, 52 M. by rail S.E. of Rome)

Setia were placed in like manner on the slopes of the Volscian mountains (Monti Lepini), a rugged and lofty See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone range, which runs parallel to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the Apennines, being separated from them, however, by the valley of the Trerus (Sacco), and forms a continuous barrier from there to See also:

• TERRACINA (Lat. Tarracina, Volsc. Anxur)

Terracina . No volcanic eruptions are known to have taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in these mountains within the historic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, though See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy sometimes speaks of it " raining stones in the See also:

• ALBAN, SAINT

Alban hills " (i .

31, See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . S—on the latter occasion it even did so on the Aventine) . It is asserted, too, that some of the earliest tombs of the See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis of See also:

• ALBA

Alba Longa (q.v.) were found beneath a stratum of See also:

• PEPERINO

peperino . Earthquakes (not of a violent See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character within See also:

• RECENT

recent centuries, though the ruin of the Colosseum is probably to be ascribed to this cause) are not unknown even at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in Rome and in the Alban Hills, and a seismograph has been established at Rocca di Papa . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface is by no means a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform plain, but is a broad undulating tract, furrowed throughout by numerous depressions, with precipitous See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, serving as See also:

• WATER

water-courses, though rarely traversed by any considerable stream . As the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general level of the plain rises gradually, though almost imperceptibly, to the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Apennines, these channels by degrees assume the character of ravines of a formidable description . ' Latium, from the same See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root as See also:

• LOTUS

lotus, See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side; later, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick; 10ar1n, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat; Sans. prath: not connected with lotus, wide . 2 In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Augustus the boundary of Latium extended as far E. as Treba (Trevi), 12 M . S.E. of Sublaqueum (See also:

• SUBIACO (anc. Sublaqueum)

Subiaco) . Four main periods may be distinguished in the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• HISTORY

history of Rome and the surrounding district . The hills on the right See also:

• BANK

bank Oeoiogy. of the Tiber culminating in See also:

• MONTE

Monte See also:

• MARIO, GIUSEPPE, COUNT OF CANDIA (1810-1883)

Mario (455 ft.) belong to the first of these, being of the See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene formation; they consist of a See also:

• LOWER

lower bluish-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and an upper See also:

• GROUP

group of yellow sands and gravels . This clay since See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times has supplied the material for brick-making, and the valleys which now See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the different summits (Janiculum, Vatican, Monte Mario) are in considerable measure artificial .

On the See also:

• LEFT

left bank this clay has been reached at a lower level, at the foot of the Pincian See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, while in the Campagna it has been found to extend below the later volcanic formations . The latter may be divided into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, corresponding to the second and third periods . In the second period volcanic activity occurred at the bottom of the Pliocene sea, and the tufa, which extends over the whole Campagna to a thickness of 300 ft. or more, was formed . At the same time, hot springs, containing abundant carbonate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime in See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution, produced deposits of travertine at various points . In the third, after the Campagna, by a See also:

• GREAT

great general uplift, had become a land surface, volcanic See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy found an outlet in comparatively few large craters, which emitted streams of hard See also:

• LAVA

lava as well as fragmentary materials, the latter forming sperone (lapis Gabinus) and peperino (lapis Albanus), while upon one of the former, which runs from the Alban Hills to within 2 M. of Rome, the Via See also:

• APPIA, VIA

Appia was carried . The two main areas near Rome are formed by the group of craters on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north (See also:

• BRACCIANO

Bracciano, See also:

• BOLSENA (anc. Volsinii)

Bolsena, &c.) and the Alban Hills on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, the latter consisting of one great See also:

• CRATER

crater with a See also:

• BASE

base about 12 M. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, in the centre of which a smaller crater was later on built up (the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin is now known as the Campo di Annibale) with several lateral vents (the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of Albano, the Lake of Nemi, &c.) . The Alban See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount (Monte Cavo) is almost the highest point on the rim of the inner crater, while Mount Algidus and See also:

• TUSCULUM

Tusculum are on the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the larger (earlier) crater . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth period is that in which the various subaerial agencies of See also:

• ABRASION (from Lat. ab, off, and radere, to scrape)

abrasion, and especially the streams which drain the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the Apennines, have produced the present features of the Campagna, a plain furrowed by gullies and ravines . The communities which inhabited the detached hills and projecting ridges which later on formed the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Rome were in a specially favourable position . These hills (especially the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine, the site of the original See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement) with their naturally steep sides, partly surrounded at the base by marshes and situated not far from the confluence of the Anio with the Tiber, possessed natural advantages not shared by the other See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive settlements of the district; and their proximity to one another rendered it easy to bring them into a larger whole . The volcanic materials available in Rome and its neighbourhood were especially useful in See also:

• BUILDING

building . The tufa, sperone and peperino were easy to See also:

• QUARRY

quarry, and could be employed by those who possessed comparatively elementary tools, while travertine, which came into use later, was an excellent building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and the lava (selce) served for paving stones and as material for See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete .

The strength of the renowned Roman concrete is largely due to the use of pozzolana (see See also:

• PUTEOLI (mod. Pozzuoli, q.v.)

PUTEOLI), which also is found in plenty in the Campagna . Between the volcanic tract of the Campagna and the sea there is a broad See also:

• STRIP

strip of sandy plain, evidently formed merely by the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand from the sea, and constituting a barren tract, still covered almost entirely with See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood as it was in ancient times, except for the almost uninterrupted See also:

• LINE

line of villas along the ancient See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-line, which is now marked by a line of sandhills, some 1 m. or more inland (see See also:

• LAVINIUM

LAVINIUM, TIBER) . This See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of sandy See also:

• SHORE

shore extends without a break for a distance of above 30 M. from the mouth of the Tiber to the promontory of See also:

• ANTIUM (mod. Anzio)

Antium (See also:

• PORTO

Porto d'Anzio); a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low rocky headland, projecting out into the sea, and forming the only considerable See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle in this line of coast . Thence again a low sandy shore of similar character, but with extensive shore lagoons which served in Roman times and serve still for See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish-breeding, extends for about 24 M. to the foot of the Monte Circeo (Circeius Mons, q.v.) . The region of the Pomptine Marshes (q.v.) occupies almost the whole tract between the sandy belt on the sea-shore and the Volscian mountains, extending from the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern foot of the Alban Hills below See also:

• VELLETRI (anc. Velitrae)

Velletri to the sea near Terracina . The district sloping down from Velletri to the dead level of the Pontine (Pomptine) Marshes has not, like the western and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Drainage. slopes of the Alban Hills, drainage towards the Tiber . The subsoil too is differently formed: the surface consists of very absorbent materials, then comes a stratum of less permeable tufa or peperino (sometimes clay is present), and below that again more permeable materials . In ancient, and probably pre-Roman, times this district was drained by an elaborate See also:

• SYSTEM

system of cuniculi, small drainage tunnels, about 5 ft. high and 2 ft. wide, which ran, not at the bottom of the valleys, where there were sometimes streams already, and where, in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, erosion would have broken through their See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, but along their slopes, through the less permeable tufa, their See also:

• OBJECT

object being to drain the hills on each side of the valleys . They had probably much to do with the relative healthiness of this district in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times . Some of them have been observed to be earlier in date than the Via Appia (312 B.C.) . They were studied in detail by R. de la Blanchere . When they See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into desuetude, See also:

• MALARIA

malaria gained the upper See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the lack of drainage providing breeding-places for the malarial See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

mosquito: Remains of similar drainage channels exist in many parts of the Campagna See also:

• ROMANA

Romana and of southern Etruria at points where the natural drainage was not sufficient, and especially in cultivated or inhabited hills (though it was not necessary here, as in the neighbourhood of Velletri, to create a drainage system, as streams and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers were already present as natural collectors) and streams very frequently pass through them at the present day .

The drainage channels which were dug for the various crater lakes in the neighbourhood of Rome are also interesting in this regard . That of the Alban Lake is the most famous; but all the other crater lakes are similarly provided . As the drainage by cuniculi removed the moisture in the subsoil, so the drainage of the lakes by emissaria, outlet channels at a low level, prevented the permeable strata below the tufa from becoming impregnated with moisture which they would otherwise have derived from the lakes of the Alban Hills . The slopes below Velletri, on the other hand, derive much of their moisture from the space between the inner and outer ring of the Alban See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano, which it was impossible to drain: and this in turn receives much moisture from the basin of the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct inner crater.' Numerous isolated See also:

• PALAEOLITHIC (Gr. iraXates, old, and )tWBor, stone)

palaeolithic See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of the See also:

• MOUSTERIAN

Mousterian type have been found in the neighbourhood of Rome in the See also:

• QUATERNARY

quaternary gravels of the Tiber and Anio; but no certain traces of the See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

neolithic period have come to See also:

• LIGHT

light, as the many Pre" See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint implements found sporadically See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Rome See also:

• PRO

pro- historic bably belong to the period which succeeded neolithic remains . (called by See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian archaeologists the eneolithic period) inasmuch as both stone and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal (not, however, See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, but See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper) were in use.' At Sgurgola, in the valley of the Sacco, a See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton was found in a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-cut See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of this period which still bears traces of See also:

• PAINTING

painting with See also:

• CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober)

cinnabar . A similar rock-cut tomb was found at Mandela, in the Anio valley . Both are outside the limits of the Campagna in the narrower sense; but similar tombs were found (though less accurately observed) in travertine quarries between Rome and See also:

• TIVOLI (anc. Tibur, q.v.)

Tivoli . Objects of the Bronze See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age too have only been found sporadically . The earliest cemeteries and hut See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the Alban Hills belong to the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron age, and cemeteries and objects of a similar character have been found in Rome itself and in southern Etruria, especially the characteristic hut-urns . The objects found in these cemeteries show See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with those found in the terremare of See also:

• EMILIA

Emilia, these last being of earlier date, and hence Pigorini and Helbig consider that the Latini were close descendants of the inhabitants of the terremare . On the other hand, the ossuaries of the See also:

• VILLANOVA

Villanova type, while they occur as far south as See also:

• VEII

Veii and See also:

• CAERE (mod. Cerveteri, i.e. Caere vetus, see below)

Caere, have never so far been found on the left bank of the Tiber, in Latium proper (see L . Pigorini in Rendiconti dei Lincei, See also:

• SER

ser. v. vol. xvi., 1907, p .

676, and xviii., 1909) . We thus have at the beginning of the Iron age two distinct currents of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization in central Italy, the Latin and that of Villanova . As to the See also:

• DATES

dates to which these are to be attributed, there is not as yet See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord, e.g. some archaeologists assign to the 11th, others (and with far better reasons) to the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.c., the earliest tombs of the Alban necropolis and the coeval tombs of the necropolis recently discovered in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum at Rome . In this last necropolis See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation seems slightly to precede inhumation in date . For the prehistoric period see Bullettino di paleontologia Italiana, passim, B . Modestov, Introduction a l'histoire romaine (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1907), and T . E . Peet, The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1909) . It is uncertain to what extent reliance can be placed upon the traditional accounts of the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual spread of the supremacy of Rome in Latium, and the question cannot be discussed here.' The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty communities be- longing to the Latin league, given by See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of See also:

• HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus ' See R. de la Blanchere in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des antiquites, s.vv . Cuniculus, Emissarium, and the same author's Chapitre d'histoire pontine (Paris, 1889) . See G . A .

Colini in Bullettino di palentologia Italiana, xxxi . (1905) . ' The most important results will be found stated at the outset of the articles RoME: History (the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief being that the Plebeians of Rome probably consisted of Latins and the See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

Patricians of Sabines), See also:

• LIGURIA

LIGURIA, See also:

• SICULI

SICULI and See also:

• ARICIA (mod. Ariccia)

ARICIA . For the See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan dominion in the Latin plain see ETRURIA . See also:

• SPECIAL

Special mention may here be made of one or two points of importance . The legends represent the Latins of the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical period as a See also:

• FUSION

fusion of different races, Ligures, See also:

• VENETI

Veneti and Siculi among them; the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of the Trojan settler See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas with the daughter of See also:

• LATINUS

Latinus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines, and the consequent enmity of the Rutulian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince Turnus, well known to readers of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, is thoroughly typical of the reflection of these distant ethnical phenomena in the surviving traditions . In view of the historical significance of the NO- ethnicon (see SABINI) it is important to observe that the original See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the ethnic See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective no doubt appears in the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Juppiter Latiaris (not Latinus) ; and that Virgil's description of the descent of the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble Drances at Latinus's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court (Aen. xi . 34o)—genus huic materna superbum Nobilitas dabat, incertum de patre ferebat—indicates a very different system of See also:

• FAMILY

family ties from the famous patria potestas and agnation of the Patrician and See also:

• SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788-1883)

Sabine clans . (R . S . C.) Latin League . (v .

61), is, however, of great importance . It is considered by Th . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen (Roman History, i . 448) that it dates from about the See also:

• YEAR

year 370 B.C., to which period belong the closing of the confederacy, no fresh communities being afterwards admitted to it, and the consequent fixing of the boundaries of Latium . The list is as follows: Ardeates, See also:

• ARICINI

Aricini, Bovillani,l Bubentani, Cabani, Carventani, Circeiates, Coriolani, Corbintes, Corni (probably Corani), Fortinei (?), Gabini, Laurentini, Lavinates, Labicani, Lanuvini, Nomentani, Norbani, Praenestini, Pedani, Querquetulani, Satricani, Scaptini, Setini, Tellenii, Tiburtini, Tolerini, Tusculani, Veliterni . These communities may be briefly described according to their See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical arrangement . Laurentum and Lavinium, names so conspicuous in the legendary history of Aeneas, were situated in the sandy strip near the sea-coast--the former only 8 m . S.E. of See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia, which was from the first merely the See also:

• PORT

port of Rome, and never figured as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent city . Farther S.E. again See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• ARDEA

Ardea, the ancient See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Rutuli, and some distance beyond that Antium, situated on the sea-coast, which does not occur in the list of Dionysius, and is, in the early See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of Rome, called a Volscian See also:

• TOWN

town—even their chief city . On the southern underfalls of the Alban mountains, commanding the plain at the foot, stood See also:

• LANUVIUM (more frequently Lanivium in imperial times, mod. Civita Lavinia)

Lanuvium and Velitrae; Aricia See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose on a neighbouring hill, and See also:

• CORIOLI

Corioli was probably situated on the lower slopes . The See also:

• VILLAGE

village of the Cabani (probably identical with the Cabenses) is possibly to be sought on the site of the See also:

• MODERN

modern Rocca di Papa, N. of Monte Cavo . The more important city of Tusculum occupied one of the northern summits of the same group; while opposite to it, in a commanding situation on a lofty offshoot of the Apennines, rose Praeneste, now See also:

• PALESTRINA, GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA (1526-1594)

Palestrina .

Bola and Pedum were probably in the same neighbourhood, See also:

• LABICI

Labici on an outlying See also:

• SUMMIT

summit (Monte Compatri) of the Alban Hills below Tusculum, and Corbio (probably at Rocca Priora) on a rocky summit See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the same city . Tibur (Tivoli) occupied a height commanding the outlet of the See also:

• RIVER

river Anio . Corniculum, farther See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, stood on the summit of one of three conical hills that rise abruptly out of the plain at the Iistance of a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from Monte Gennaro, the nearest of the Apennines, and which were thence known as the Montes Corniculani . See also:

• NOMENTUM (mod. Mentana)

Nomentum was a few miles farther north, between the Apennines and the Tiber, and close to the Sabine frontier . The boundary between the two nations was indeed in this See also:

• PART

part very fluctuating . Nearly in the centre of the plain of the Campagna stood See also:

• GABII

Gabii; See also:

• BOVILLAE

Bovillae was also in the plain, but close to the See also:

• APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian Way, where it begins to ascend the Alban Hills . Several other cities—Tellenae, Scaptia and Querquetulam—mentioned in the list of Dionysius were probably situated in the Campagna, but the site cannot be determined . See also:

• SATRICUM (mod. Conca)

Satricum, on the other hand, was certainly south of the Alban Hills, between Velitrae and Antium; while Cora, Norba and Setia (all of which retain their ancient names with little modification) crowned the rocky heights which form advanced posts from the Volscian mountains towards the Pontine Marshes . Carventum possibly occupied the site of Rocca Massima N. of See also:

• CORI (anc. Cora)

Cori, and Tolerium was very likely at Valmontone in the valley of the Sacco (anc . TrerusorTolerus) . The cities of the Bubentani and Fortinei are quite unknown . A considerable number of the Latin cities had before 370 B.C. either been utterly destroyed or reduced to subjection by Rome, and had thus lost their independent existence .

Such were See also:

• ANTEMNAE (Lat. ante amnem, sc. Anienem; Varro, Ling. Lat. v. 28)

Antemnae and Caenina, both of them situated within a few miles of Rome to the N., the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of which was ascribed to See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus; See also:

• FIDENAE

Fidenae, about 5 M . N. of the city, and close to the Tiber; and See also:

• CRUSTUMERIUM

Crustumerium, in the hilly tract farther north towards the Sabine frontier . Suessa Pometia also, on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the Pontine Marshes, to which it was said to have given name, was a city of importance, the destruction of which was ascribed to Tarquinius Superbus . In any case it had disappeared before 370 B.C., as it does not occur in the list of the Latin league attributable to that date . It is probably to be sought between Velletri and Cisterna . But by far the most important of these extinct cities was Alba, on the lake to which it gave its name, which was, according to universally received tradition, the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of Rome, as well as of numerous other cities within the limits of Latium, including Gabii, Fidenae, See also:

• COLLATIA

Collatia, Nomentum and other well-known towns . Whether or not this tradition deserves to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as historical, it appears certain that at a still earlier period there existed a confederacy of thirty towns, of which Alba was the supreme See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . A list of those who were wont to participate in the sacrifices on the Alban Mount is given us by Pliny (N.H. iii . 5 . 69) under the name of populi albenses, which includes only ' The See also:

• MSS

MSS. read f3oi'XXav6lv or f3oiXavwv: the Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation has Bolanorum . It is difficult to say which is to be preferred . The list gives only twenty-nine names, and Mommsen proposes to insert Signini.six or at most eight of those found in the list of Dionysius;2 and these for the most part among the more obscure and least known of the names given by him .

Many of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest are unknown; while the more powerful cities of Aricia, Lanuvium and Tusculum, though situated immediately on the Alban Hills, are not included, and appear to have maintained a wholly independent position . This earlier league was doubtless broken up by the fall of Alba; it was probably the increasing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Volsci and Aequi that led to the formation of the later league, including all the more powerful cities of Latium, as well as to the alliance concluded by them with the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in the consulship of Spurius See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius (493 B.C.) . Other cities of the Latin league had already (according to the traditional dates) received Latin colonies—Velitrae (494 B.C.), Norba (492), Ardea (442), Labici (418), Circei (393), Satricum (385), Setia (382) . The cities of the Latin league continued to hold general meetings or assemblies from time to time at the See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove of the Aqua Ferentina, a See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary at the foot of the Alban Hills, perhaps in a valley below See also:

• MARINO

Marino, while they had also a See also:

• COMMON

common place of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship on the summit of the Alban Mount (Monte Cavo), where stood the celebrated See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter Latiaris . The participation in the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual sacrifices at this sanctuary was regarded as typical of a Latin city (hence the name " prisci Latini " given to the participating peoples); and they continued to be celebrated long after the Latins had lost their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and been incorporated in the Roman See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state.3 We are on firmer ground in dealing with the spread of the supremacy of Rome in Latium when we take See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of new colonies and of the formation of new tribes, processes which as a See also:

• RULE

rule go together . The R° See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information that we have as to the districts in which n the sixteen earliest clans (tribus rusticae)' were settled shows us that, except along the Tiber, Rome's dominion extended hardly more than 5 m. beyond the city See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates (Mommsen, History of Rome, i . 58) . Thus, towards the N. and E. we find the towns of Antemnae, Fidenae, Caenina and Gabii; 5 on the S.E., towards Alba, the boundary of Roman territory was at the Fossae Cluiliae, 5 M. from Rome, where See also:

• CORIOLANUS, GAIUS (or GNAEUS)14IARCIUS

Coriolanus encamped (Livy ii . 39), and, on the S., towards Laurentum at the 6th mile, where See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to See also:

• TERMINUS

Terminus was made (See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, See also:

• FASTI

Fasti, ii . 681): the See also:

• AMBARVALIA

Ambarvalia too were celebrated even in Strabo's day (v . 3 . 3. p .

230) at a place called Tajo--rot between the 5th and 6th mile . The See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification (cf . Hiflsen in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, vi . 2223) of this locality with the grove of the Arval See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers at the 5th mile of the Via Portuensis, to the W. of Rome, and of the Ambarvalia with the festival celebrated by this brotherhood in May of each year, is now generally accepted . But Roman sway must either from the first, or very soon, have extended to Ostia, the port of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber: and it was as the See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of Latium that Rome acquired her first importance.6 s See also:

• ALBANI
• ALBANI, or ALBANO, FRANCESCO

Albani, Aesolani (probably E. of Tibur), Accienses, Abolani, Bubetani, Bolani, Cusuetani (Carventani ?), Coriolani, Fidenates, Foreti (Fortinei ?), Hortenses (near Corbio), Latinienses (near Rome itself), Longani, Manates, Macrales, Munienses (Castrimoenienses?), Numinienses, 011iculani, Octulani, Pedani, Poletaurini, Querquetulani, See also:

• SICANI

Sicani, Sisolenses, Tolerienses, Tutienses (not, one would think, connected with the small stream called Tutia at the 6th mile of the Via See also:

• SALARIA, VIA

Salaria; Liv. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 11), Vimitellari, Velienses, Venetulani, Vitellenses (not far from Corbio) . 3 To an earlier See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the Latin league, perhaps to about 430 B.C . (Mommsen, op. cit . 445 n . 2) belongs the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of the grove of See also:

• DIANA

Diana by a See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator Latinus, in the name of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Tusculum, Aricia,Lanuvium, Laurentum, Cora,Tibur,Suessa Pometia and Ardea . Of the genies from which these tribes took their names, six entirely disappeared in later days, while the other ten can be traced as patrician—a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that the patricians were not noble families in origin (Mommsen, Romische Forschungen, i. io6) . For the tribes see W .

Kubitschek, De Romanarum tribuum origin (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1882) . We have various traces of the early antagonism to Gabii, e.g. the opposition between ager See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus and ager Gabinus in the augural See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . c For the early See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of Roman territory towards the sea, cf . See also:

• FESTUS (? RuFUS or RUFIUS)
• FESTUS, SEXTUS POMPEIUS

Festus, p . 213, See also:

• MULL

Mull., s.v . " Pectuscum:" Pectuscum Palati dicta est See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea regio urbis, quam Romulus obversam posuit, ea parte, in qua plurimum erat agri Romani ad See also:

• MARE

mare versus et qua mollissinie adibatur Urbo, cum Etruscorum agrum a Romano Tiberis discluderet, ceterae vicinae civitates colles aliquos haberent oppositos . The boundary of the Ager Romanus antiquus towards the north-west is similarly fixed by the festival of the Robigalia at the 5th milestone of the Via See also:

• CLODIA, VIA

Clodia . Within this p unitive See also:

• AREA

area fall the districts inhabited by the earliest tribes, tribes. so far.as these are known to us . The tribus Romilia was settled on the right bank of the Tiber near the sanctuary of the Arvales, the Galeria perhaps a little farther west on the lower course of the stream now known as Galera, and the Fabia perhaps on the See also:

• CREMERA (mock: Fosso della Valchetta)

Cremera towards Veii . We know that the pagus Letnonius was on the Via See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina, and that the tribus Pupinia dwelt between Tusculum and the city, while the territory of the Papiria possibly lay nearer Tusculum, as it was to this tribe that the Roman citizens in Tusculum belonged in later days . It is possible that the Camilia was situated in the direction of Tibur, inasmuch as this town was afterwards enrolled in this tribe . The tribus Claudia, probably the last of the 16 older tribus rusticae, was according to tradition founded in 504 B.C .

Its territory lay beyond the Anio, between Fidenae and Ficulea (Liv. ii . 16; See also:

• DION

Dion . See also:

• HAL

Hal. v . 40) . The locality of the pagi round which the other tribes were grouped is not known to us . With the earliest extensions of the Roman territory coincided the first beginnings of the Roman road system . The road to Ostia may have existed from the first: but after the Latin See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn- Road munities on the lower Anio had fallen under the dominion system. of Rome, we may well believe that the first portion of the Via Salaria, leading to Antemnae, Fidenae (the fall of which is placed by tradition in 428 B.c.) and Crustumerium, came into existence . The formation (according to the traditional dating in 495 or 471 B.c.) of the tribus Clustumina (the only one of the earlier twenty-one tribes which bears a See also:

• LOCAL

local name) is both a consequence of an extension of territory and of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the See also:

• PLEBS (from the root seen in Lat. plenus, full; cf. Gr. 7rXit9os)

plebs by tribes, for which an inequality of the See also:

• TOTAL

total number of divisions was desirable (Mommsen, History of Rome, i . 360) . The correlative of the Via Salaria was the Via Campana, so called because it led past the grove of the Arvales along the right bank of the Tiber to the Campus Salinarum Romanarum,i the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt marshes, from which the Via Salaria took its name, inasmuch as it was the route by which Sabine traders came from the interior to fetch the salt . To this period would also belong the Via Ficulensis, leading to Ficulea, and after-wards prolonged to Nomentum, and the Via Collatina, which led to Collatia . Gabii became Roman in fairly early times, though at what period is uncertain, and with its subjugation must have originated the Via Gabina, afterwards prolonged to Praeneste .

The Via Latina too must be of very early origin; and tradition places the foundation of the Latin See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony at Sigma (to which it led) as early as 495B.C . Not long after the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Fidenae, the main outpost of Veii, the chief city itself fell (396 B.c.) and a road (still traceable) was probably made thither . There was also probably a road to Caere in early times, inasmuch as we hear of the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of the Vestals thither in 389 B.C . The origin of the rest of the roads is no doubt to be connected with the gradual establishment of the Latin league . We find that while the later (long distance) roads See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear as a rule the name of their constructor, all the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance roads on the left bank of the Tiber bear the names of towns which belonged to the league