See also:

• LAURIA (LURIA or LURIA) ROGER DE (d. 1305)
• LAURIA, or LORIA

LAURIA (See also:

• LURIA, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON (1534-1572)

LURIA or LURIA) See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

ROGER DE (d. 1305)  , See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, was the most' prominent figure in the See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war which arose directly from the Sicilian See also:

• VESPERS (officium vespertinum)
• VESPERS, SICILIAN

Vespers . Nothing is really known of his See also:

• LIFE

life before he was named admiral in 1283 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a supporter of the See also:

• HOHENSTAUFEN

Hohenstaufen, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother came to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain with Costanza, the daughter of See also:

• MANFRED (c. 1232–1266)

Manfred of Beneventum, when she married See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, the eldest son and See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James the Conqueror of Aragon . According to one See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account Bella of See also:

• LAURIA (LURIA or LURIA) ROGER DE (d. 1305)
• LAURIA, or LORIA

Lauria, the admiral's mother, had been the See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster mother of Costanza . See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger, who accompanied his mother, was bred at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Aragon and endowed with lands in the newly conquered See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia . When the See also:

• MISRULE, LORD OF

misrule of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou's See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French followers had produced the famous revolt known as the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, Roger de Lauria accompanied See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Peter III. of Aragon on the expedition which under the See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover of an attack on the Moorish kingdom of See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis was designed to be an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to obtain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of all or at least See also:

• PART

part of the Hohenstaufen dominions in See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and Sicily which the king claimed by right of his wife as the heiress of Manfred . In 1283, when the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island had put itself under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of Peter III. and had crowned him king, he gave the command of his See also:

• FLEET

fleet to Roger de Lauria . The See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission speaks of him in the most laudatory terms, but makes no reference to previous military services . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time forward till the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Calatabellota in1303, Roger de Lauria was the ever victorious See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of fleets in the service of Aragon, both in the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia . In the See also:

• YEAR

year of his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment he defeated a French naval force in the service of Charles of Anjou, off See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object before him was to repel the efforts of the Angevine party to reconquer Sicily and then to carry the war into their dominions in Naples . Although Roger de Lauria did incidental fighting on See also:

• SHORE

shore, he was as much a naval officer as any See also:

• MODERN

modern admiral, and his victories were won by See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good manoeuvring and by discipline .

The Catalan See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron, on which the Sicilian was moulded, was in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of high and intelligent efficiency . Its chiefs relied not on merely boarding, and the use of the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, as the French forces of Charles of Anjou did, but on the use of the See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram, and of the powerful See also:

• CROSS

cross-bows used by the Catalans either by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand or, in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the larger ones, mounted on the bulwarks, with See also:

• GREAT

great skill . The conflict was in fact the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent on the See also:

• WATER

water of the battles between the See also:

• ENGLISH

English bowmen and the disorderly See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Years' War . In 1284 Roger defeated the Angevine fleet in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Naples, taking prisoner the heir to the kingdom, Charles of See also:

• SALERNO (anc. Salernum)

Salerno, who remained a prisoner in the hands of the Aragonese in Sicily, and later in Spain, for years . In 1285 he fought on the coast of Catalonia one of the most brilliant See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns in all naval See also:

• HISTORY

history . The French king Philippe le Hardi had invaded Catalonia with a large See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to which the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope gave the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of crusaders, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to support his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin of Anjou in his conflict with the Aragonese . The king, Peter III., had offended his nobles by his vigorous exercise of the royal authority, and received little support from them, but the outrages perpetrated by the French invaders raised the towns and See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country against them . The invaders advanced slowly, taking the obstinately defended towns one by one, and relying on the co-operation of a large number of See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, who were stationed in squadrons along the coast, and who brought stores and provisions from See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne and Aigues Mortes . They relied in fact wholly on their fleet for their existence . A successful See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow struck at that would force them to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat . King Peter was compelled to See also:

• RISK

risk Sicily for a time, and he recalled Roger de Lauria from See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo to the coast of Catalonia . The admiral reached See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona on the 24th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, and was informed of the disposition of the French .

He saw that if he could break the centre of their See also:

• LINE

line of squadrons, stretched as it was so far that its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general superiority of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers was lost in the attempt to occupy the whole of the coast, he could then dispose of the extremities in detail . On the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 9th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell on the central squadron of the French fleet near the Hormigas . The Catalan and Sicilian squadrons doubled on the end of the enemies' line, and by a vigorous employment of the ram, as well as by the destructive shower of bolts from the cross-bows, which cleared the decks of the French, gained a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete victory . The defeat of the enemy was followed; as usually in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval naval See also:

• WARS

wars, by a wholesale See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre . Roger then made for See also:

• ROSAS, JUAN MANUEL (1793-1877)

Rosas, and tempted out the French squadron stationed there by approaching under French See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours . In the open it was beaten in its turn . The result was the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the See also:

• TOWN

town, and of the stores collected there by King Philippe for the support of his army . Within a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time he was forced to retreat amid sufferings from See also:

• HUNGER

hunger, and the incessant attacks of the Catalan mountaineers, by which his army was nearly annihilated . This See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, which was followed up by destructive attacks on the French coast, saved Catalonia from the invaders, and completely ruined the French naval See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power for the time being . No medieval admiral of any nation displayed an equal See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, and none of modern times has surpassed it . The See also:

• WORK

work had been so effectually done on the coast of Catalonia that Roger de Lauria was able to return to Sicily, and resume his command in the struggle of Aragonese and . Angevine to gain, or to hold, the possession of Naples .

He maintained his reputation and was uniformly successful in his battles at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, but they were not always fought for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Sicily . The See also:

• DEATH

death of Peter III. in 1286 and of his eldest son See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso in the following year caused a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division among the members of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Aragon . The new king, James, would have given up Sicily to the Angevine line with which he made peace and See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, but his younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother Fadrique accepted the See also:

• CROWN

crown offered him by the Sicilians, and fought for his own hand against both the Angevines and his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior . King James tried to force him to submission without success . Roger de Lauria adhered for a time to Fadrique, but his arrogant See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper made him an intolerable supporter, and he appears, moreover, to have thought that he was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to obey the king of Aragon . His large estates in Valencia gave him a strong See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for not offending that See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . He therefore See also:

• LEFT

left Fadrique, who confiscated his estates in Sicily and put one of his nephews to death as a traitor . For this Roger de Lauria took a ferocious revenge in two successive victories at sea over the Sicilians . When the war, which had become a ravening of See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beasts, was at last ended by the peace of Calatabellota, Roger de Lauria retired to Valencia, where he died on the 2nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1305, and was buried, by his See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express orders, in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Santas Creus, a now deserted monastery of the See also:

• CISTERCIANS

Cistercians, at the feet of his old See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master Peter III . In his ferocity, and his combination of See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to his feudal See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord with utter want of See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple to all other men, Roger belonged to his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . As a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain he was far above his contemporaries and his successors for many generations . Signor See also:

• AMARI, MICHELE (1806—1889)

Amari's Guerra del Ves See also:

• PRO

pro Siciliano gives a general picture of these wars, but the portrait of Roger de Lauria must be sought in the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle of the Catalan Ramon de See also:

• MUNTANER, RAMON (1265-1336?)

Muntaner who knew him and was formed in his school .

There is a very See also:

• FAIR

fair and well " documented" account of the masterly campaign of 1285 in Charles de la Ronciere's Histoire de la marine francaise, i . 189-217 . (D .