See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

MARTIAL ALLEMAND See also:

• CHARLES MARTIAL ALLEMAND LAVIGERIE (1825-1892)

LAVIGERIE (1825-1892)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French divine, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage and See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers and See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BAYONNE

Bayonne on the 31st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1825, and was educated at St Sulpice, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . He was ordained See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest in 1849, and was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of ecclesiastical See also:

• HISTORY

history at the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne from 1854 to 1856 . In 1856 he accepted the direction of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, and was thus for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time brought into contact with the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• WORLD

world . " C'est la," he wrote, " que j'ai connu enfin ma vocation." Activity in missionary See also:

• WORK

work, especially in alleviating the distresses of the victims of the See also:

• DRUSES
• DRUSES, or DRUZES (Arab. Druz)

Druses, soon brought him prominently into See also:

• NOTICE

notice; he was made a See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

chevalier of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour, and in October 1861, shortly after his return to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, was appointed French auditor at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Two years later he was raised to the see of See also:

• NANCY

Nancy, where he remained for four years, during which the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese became one of the best administered in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . While See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Nancy he met See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• MACMAHON, MARIE

MacMahon, then See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, who in 1866 offered him the see of Algiers, just raised to an archbishopric . See also:

• LAVIGERIE, CHARLES MARTIAL ALLEMAND (1825-1892)

Lavigerie landed in Africa on the 11th of May 1868, when the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine was already making itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, and he began in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to collect the orphans into villages . This See also:

• ACTION

action, however, did not meet with the approval of MacMahon, who feared that the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs would resent it as an infraction of the religious See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and thought that the Mahommedan See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, being a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state institution in Algeria, ought to be protected from proselytism; so it was intimated to the See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate that his See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was to See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the colonists . Lavigerie, however, continued his self-imposed task, refused the archbishopric of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, which was offered to him by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, and won his point . Contact with the natives during the famine caused Lavigerie to entertain exaggerated hopes for their general See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion, and his See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm was such that he offered to resign his archbishopric in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to devote himself entirely to the See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions . See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. refused this, but granted him a coadjutor, and placed the whole of See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial Africa under his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . In 1870 Lavigerie warmly supported papal See also:

• INFALLIBILITY (Fr. infaillibilite and infallibilite, the latter now obsolete, Med. Lat. infallibilitas, infallibilis, formed from faller, to make a mistake)

infallibility .

In 1871 he was twice a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, but was defeated . In 1874 he founded the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara and See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan See also:

• MISSION

mission, and sent missionaries to See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis, See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, East Africa and the See also:

• CONGO

Congo . The order of See also:

• AFRICAN

African missionaries thus founded, for which Lavigerie himself See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up the See also:

• RULE

rule, has since become famous as the Peres Blanes . From 1881 to 1884 his activity in See also:

• TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis)

Tunisia so raised the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of France that it drew from See also:

• GAMBETTA, LEON (1838-1882)

Gambetta the celebrated See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration, L'Anticlericalisme n'est pas un See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article d'exportation, and led to the exemption of Algeria from the application of the decrees concerning the religious orders . On the 27th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1882 the dignity of cardinal was conferred upon Lavigerie, but the great See also:

• OBJECT

object of his ambition was to restore the see of St See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian; and in that also he was successful, for by a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull of loth November 1884 the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan see of Carthage was re-erected, and Lavigerie received the See also:

• PALLIUM

pallium on the 25th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1885 . The later years of his See also:

• LIFE

life were spent in ardent See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery propaganda, and his eloquence moved large audiences in See also:

• LONDON

London, as well as in Paris, See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels and other parts of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . He hoped, by organizing a fraternity of armed laymen as pioneers, to restore fertility to the Sahara; but this community did not succeed, and was dissolved before his See also:

• DEATH

death . In 1890 Lavigerie appeared in the new See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a politician, and arranged with See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo XIII. to make an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reconcile the church with the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . He invited the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the Mediterranean See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron to lunch at Algiers, and, practically renouncing his monarchical sympathies, to which he clung as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• CHAMBORD
• CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MARIE DIEUDONNE, COMTE DE (182o-1883)

Chambord was alive, expressed his support of the republic, and emphasized it by having the Marseillaise played by a See also:

• BAND

band of his Peres Blancs . The further steps in this See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution emanated from the pope, and Lavigerie, whose See also:

• HEALTH

health now began to fail, receded comparatively into the background . He died at Algiers on the 26th of November 1892 . (G .

F . B.) LA VILLEMARQUE, See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

THEODORE See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

CLAUDE See also:

• HENRI

HENRI, VICOMTE HERSART DE (1815-1895), French philologist and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters, was born at Keransker, near See also:

• QUIMPERLE

Quimperle, on the 6th of See also:

• JULY

July 1815 . He was descended from an old See also:

• BRETON, BRITTON
• BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE

Breton See also:

• FAMILY

family, which counted among its members a Hersart who had followed See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis to the Crusade, and another who was a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion in arms of Du Guesclin . La Villemarque devoted himself to the elucidation of the monuments of Breton literature . Introduced in 1851 by See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm as correspondent to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, he became in 1858 a member of the Academy of See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions . His See also:

• WORKS

works include: Conies populaires See also:

• DES

des anciens Bretons (1842), to which was prefixed an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the origin of the romances of the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Table; Essai sur l'histoire de la langue bretonne (1837); Poemes des bardes bretons du sixieme siecle (1850); La Legende celtique en Irelande, en Cambrie et en Bretagne (18J9) . The popular Breton songs published by him in 1839 as Barzaz Breiz were considerably retouched . La Villemarque's work has been superseded by the work of later scholars, but he has the merit of having done much to arouse popular See also:

• INTEREST

interest in his subject . He died at Keransker on the 8th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1895 . On the subject of the doubtful authenticity of Barzaz Breiz, see Luzel's See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

Preface to his Chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, and, for a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of works on the subject, the Revue Celtique (vol. v.) .