See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817)

AUSTEN See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY See also:

• SIR AUSTEN HENRY LAYARD (1817-1894)

LAYARD (1817-1894)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British author and diplomatist, the excavator of See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 5th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1817 . The Layards were of Huguenot descent . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry P . J . See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard, of the See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon See also:

• CIVIL

Civil Service, was the son of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Layard, See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, and See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel Peter Layard, the physician . Through his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, a daughter of Nathaniel See also:

• AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817)

Austen, banker, of See also:

• RAMSGATE

Ramsgate, he inherited See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• BLOOD

blood . This See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain of cosmopolitanism must have been greatly strengthened by the circumstances of his See also:

• EDUCATION

education . Much of his boyhood was spent in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where he received See also:

• PART

part of his schooling, and acquired a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for the See also:

• FINE

fine arts and a love of travel; but he was at school also in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . After spending nearly six years in the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin Austen, a See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor, he was tempted to leave England for Ceylon by the prospect of obtaining an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in the civil service, and he started in 1839 with the intention of making an overland See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey across See also:

• ASIA

Asia . After wandering for many months, chiefly in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, and having abandoned his intention of proceeding to Ceylon, he returned in 1842 to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, where he made the acquaintance of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

Canning, the British See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, who employed him in various unofficial See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey . In 1845, encouraged and assisted by Canning, Layard See also:

• LEFT

left Constantinople to make those explorations among the ruins of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria with which his name is chiefly associated . This expedition was in fulfilment of a See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design which he had formed, when, during his former travels in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, his curiosity had been greatly excited by the ruins of Nimrud on the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris, and by the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MOUND

mound of Kuyunjik, near See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul, already partly excavated by Hotta .

Layard remained in the neighbourhood of Mosul, carrying on excavations at Kuyunjik and Nimrud, and investigating the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of various tribes, until 1847; and, returning to England in 1848, published Nineveh and its Remains: with an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of See also:

• KURDISTAN

Kurdistan, and the See also:

• YEZIDIS

Yezidis, or See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

Devil-worshippers; and an Inquiry into the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners and Arts of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Assyrians (2 vols.,1848–1849) . To illustrate the antiquities described in this See also:

• WORK

work he published a large See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Illustrations of the Monuments of Nineveh (1849) . After spending a few months in England, and receiving the degree of D.C.L. from the university of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, Layard returned to Constantinople as attache to the British See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy, and, in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1849, started on a second expedition, in the course of which he extended his investigations to the ruins of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon and the mounds of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia . His See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of this expedition, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, which was illustrated by another folio volume, called A Second See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series of the Monuments of Nineveh, was published in 1853 . During these expeditions, often in circumstances of great difficulty, Layard despatched to England the splendid specimens which now See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the greater part of the collection of See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian antiquities in the British Museum . Apart from the archaeological value of his work in identifying Kuyunjik as the site of Nineveh, and in providing a great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of materials for scholars to work upon, these two books of Layard's are among the best-written books of travel in the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Layard now turned to politics . Elected as a Liberal member for See also:

• AYLESBURY

Aylesbury in 1852, he was for a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks under-secretary for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs, but afterwards freely criticized the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, especially in connexion with See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . He was See also:

• PRESENT

present in the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and was a member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee appointed to inquire into the conduct of the expedition . In 1855 he refused from See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• PALMERSTON
• PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT (1784-1865)

Palmerston an office not connected with foreign affairs, was elected lord See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen university, and on 15th See also:

• JUNE

June moved a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons (defeated by a large See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority) declaring that in public appointments merit had been sacrificed to private See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and an adherence to routine . After being defeated at Aylesbury in 18J7, he visited See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India to investigate the causes of the See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny . He unsuccessfully contested See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York in 1859, but was elected for See also:

• SOUTHWARK

Southwark in 186o, and from 1861 to r866 was under-secretary for foreign affairs in the successive administrations of Lord Palmerston and Lord See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell .

In 1866 hewas appointed a trustee of the British Museum, and in 1868 See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of See also:

• WORKS

works in W . E . See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone's government and a member of the Privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council . He retired from See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament in 1869, on being sent as See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy extraordinary to See also:

• MADRID

Madrid . In 1877 he was appointed by Lord See also:

• BEACONSFIELD
• BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF

Beaconsfield ambassador at Constantinople, where he remained until Gladstone's return to See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in 188o, when he finally retired from public See also:

• LIFE

life . In 1878, on the occasion of the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference, he received the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• CROSS

cross of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath . Layard's See also:

• POLITICAL

political life was somewhat stormy . His manner was brusque, and his advocacy of the causes which he had at See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, though always perfectly sincere, was vehement to the point sometimes of recklessness . Layard retired to See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, where he devoted much of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting pictures of the Venetian school, and to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing on See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• ART

art . On this subject he was a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of his friend G . See also:

• MORELLI, GIOVANNI (1816-1891)

Morelli, whose views he embodied in his revision of F . Kugler's Handbook of See also:

• PAINTING

Painting, Italian See also:

• SCHOOLS

Schools (1887) .

He wrote also an introduction to See also:

• MISS

Miss Ffoulkes's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Morelli's Italian Painters (1892-1893), and edited that part of See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray's Handbook of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1894) which deals with pictures . In 1887 he published, from notes taken at the time, a record of his first journey to the East, entitled See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia . An See also:

• ABBREVIATION (Lat. brevis, short)

abbreviation of this work, which as a See also:

• BOOK

book of travel is even more delightful than its predecessors, was published in 1894, shortly after the author's See also:

• DEATH

death, with a brief See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory See also:

• NOTICE

notice by Lord See also:

• ABERDARE
• ABERDARE, HENRY AUSTIN BRUCE

Aberdare . Layard also from time to time contributed papers to various learned See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, including the Huguenot Society, of which he was first See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president . He died in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 5th of See also:

• JULY

July 1894 . (A . GL.) ' LAYMEN, HOUSES OF, deliberative assemblies of the laity of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of England, one for the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, and the other for the province of York . That of Canterbury was formed in 1886, and that of York shortly afterwards . They are merely consultative bodies, and the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary intention of their See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation was to See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate the laity in the deliberations of See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation . They have no legal status . The members are elected by the various diocesan conferences, which are in turn elected by the laity of their respective parishes or rural deaneries . Ten members are appointed for the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of London, six for each of the dioceses of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester, See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield and See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester; and four for each of the remaining dioceses .

The president of each house has the discretionary power of appointing additional laymen, not exceeding ten in number .