See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD HARTPOLE See also:

• WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE LECKY (1838–1903)

LECKY (1838–1903)  , Irish historian and publicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• NEWTOWN
• NEWTOWN (Welsh Drefnewydd, with the same meaning, formerly Llanfair Cedewain)

Newtown See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, near See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, on the 26th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1838, being the eldest son of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Hartpole See also:

• LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838–1903)

Lecky, whose See also:

• FAMILY

family had for many generations been landowners in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . He was educated at See also:

• KINGSTOWN

Kingstown, See also:

• ARMAGH

Armagh, and See also:

• CHELTENHAM

Cheltenham See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1859 and M.A. in 1863, and where, with a view to becoming a clergyman in the Irish See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, he went through a course of divinity . In v86o he published anonymously a small See also:

• BOOK

book entitled The Religious Tendencies of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, but on leaving college he abandoned his first intention and turned to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• WORK

work . In 1861 he published Leaders of Public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

Opinion in Ireland, a brief See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the lives and work of See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift, See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood, See also:

• GRATTAN, HENRY (1746-1820)

Grattan and O'Connell, which gave decided promise of his later admirable work in the same See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . This book, originally published anonymously, was republished in 1871; and the See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on Swift, rewritten and amplified, appeared again in 1897 as an introduction to a new edition of Swift's See also:

• WORKS

works . Two learned surveys of certain aspects of See also:

• HISTORY

history followed: A History of the Rise and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

Influence of See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

Rationalism in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (2 vols., 1865), and A History of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Moralsfrom See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus to See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne (2 vols., 1869) . Some See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism was aroused by these books, especially by the last named, with its opening dissertation on " the natural history of morals," but both have been generally accepted as acute and suggestive commentaries upon a wide range of facts . Lecky then devoted himself to the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief work of his See also:

• LIFE

life, A History of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England during the Eighteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century, vols. i. and ii. of which appeared in 1878, and vols. vii. and viii . (completing the work) in 189o . His See also:

• OBJECT

object was " to disengage from the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of facts those which relate to the permanent forces of the nation, or which indicate some of the more enduring features of See also:

• NATIONAL

national life," and in the carrying out of this task Lecky displays many of the qualities of a great historian . The work is distinguished by the lucidity of its See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, but the fulness and extent of the authorities referred to, and, above all, by the judicial impartiality maintained by the author throughout . These qualities are perhaps most conspicuous and most valuable in the chapters which See also:

• DEAL

deal with the history of Ireland, and in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet edition of 1892, in 12 vols .

(frequently reprinted) this See also:

• PART

part of the work is separated from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and occupies five volumes under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century . A See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Poems, published in 189r, was characterized by a certain frigidity and by occasional lapses into See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace, objections which may also be fairly urged against much of Lecky's See also:

• PROSE

prose-See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . In 1896 he published two volumes entitled See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

Democracy and See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

Liberty, in which he considered, with See also:

• SPECIAL

special reference to Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• AMERICA

America, some of the tendencies of See also:

• MODERN

modern democracies . The somewhat gloomy conclusions at which he arrived provoked much criticism both in Great Britain and America, which was renewed when he published in a new edition (1899) an elaborate and very depreciatory estimate of See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone, then recently dead . This work, though essentially different from the author's purely historical writings, has many of their merits, though it was inevitable that other minds should take a different view of the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . In The See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

Map of Life (1900) he discussed in a popular style some of the ethical problems which arise in everyday life . In 1903 he published a revised and greatly enlarged edition of Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, in two volumes, from which the essay on Swift was omitted and that on O'Connell was See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded into a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of the great See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . Though always a keen sympathizer with the Irish See also:

• PEOPLE

people in their misfortunes and aspirations, and though he had criticized severely the methods by which the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Union was passed, Lecky, who See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up as a moderate Liberal, was from the first strenuously opposed to Gladstone's policy of See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home See also:

• RULE

Rule, and in 1895 he was returned to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament as Unionist member for Dublin University . In 1897 he was made a privy councillor, and among the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation honours in 1902 he was nominated an o_iginal member of the new See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of Merit . His university honours included the degree of LL.D. from Dublin, St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews and See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, the degree of D.C.L. from See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and the degree of Litt.D. from See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . In 1894 he was elected corresponding member of the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of France . He contributed occasionally to periodical literature, and two of his addresses, The See also:

• POLITICAL

Political Value of History (1892) and The See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, its Value and its Growth (1893), were published .

He died in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 22nd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1903 . He married in 1871 See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, baroness de Dedem, daughter of See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron de Dedem, a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in the Dutch service, but had no See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . Mrs Lecky contributed to various reviews a number of articles, chiefly on historical and political subjects . A volume of Lecky's Historical and Political Essays was published posthumously (London, 1908) . LE CLERC [CLERICUS], See also:

• JEAN

JEAN (1657–1736), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Protestant theologian, was born on the 19th of March 1657 at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, where his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen Le Clerc, was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek . The family originally belonged to the neighbourhood of See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais in France, and several of its members acquired some name in literature . Jean Le Clerc applied himself to the study of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy under J . R . Chouet (1642–1731) the Cartesian, and attended the theological lectures of P . Mestrezat, See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz See also:

• TURRETIN, or TURRETINI

Turretin and See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Tronchin (1629–1705) . In 1678–1679 he spent some He was admitted into the See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire in 1849, being already an accomplished pianist . He studied under See also:

• BAZIN

Bazin, See also:

• HALEVY, JACQUES FRANCOIS FROMENTAL ELIE (1799-. 1862)
• HALEVY, LUDOVIC (1834-1908)

Halevy and Benoist, winning the first See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize for See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony in 1850, and the second prize for See also:

• FUGUE (Lat. fuga, flight)

fugue in 1852 .

He first gained See also:

• NOTICE

notice by dividing with Bizet the first prize for an operetta in a competition instituted by See also:

• OFFENBACH
• OFFENBACH, JACQUES (1819-1880)

Offenbach . His operetta, Le Docleur See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle, was performed at the Bouffes Parisiens in 1857 . After that he wrote constantly for theatres, but produced nothing worthy of mention until Fleur de the (1868), which ran for more than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred nights . See also:

• LES

Les Cent vierges (1872) was favourably received also, but all his previous successes were See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into the shade by La Fille de Madame Angot (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1873; London, 1873), which was performed for 400 nights consecutively, and has since gained and retained enormous popularity . After 1873 See also:

• LECOCQ, ALEXANDRE CHARLES (1832– )

Lecocq produced a large number of comic operas, though he never equalled his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph in La Fille de Madame Angot . Among the best of his pieces are Girofle-Girofla (Paris and London, 1874) ; Les Ergs See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• GERVAIS, PAUL (1816-1879)

Gervais (Paris and London, 1874); La Petite Mariee (Paris, 1875; London, 1876, revived as The See also:

• SCARLET

Scarlet See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

Feather, 1897); Le See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Duc (Paris, 1878; London, as The Little See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke, 1878); La Petite Mademoiselle (Paris, 1879; London, 1880); Le lour et la Null (Paris, 1881; London, as Manola, 1882); LeCaur et la See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main (Paris, 1882; London, as Incognita, 1893); La Princesse See also:

• DES

des Canaries (Paris, 1883; London, as Pepita, 1888) . In 1899 a See also:

• BALLET

ballet by Lecocq, entitled Le Cygne, was staged at the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera Comique, Paris; and in 1903 Yetia was produced at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels . LECOINTE-PUYRAVEAU, See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

MICHEL MATHIEU (1764–1827), French politician, was born at Saint-Maixent (Deux-Sevres) on the 13th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1764 . See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

Deputy for his See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department to the Legislative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly in 1792, and to the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, he voted for " the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant." His association with the Girondins nearly involved him in their fall, in spite of his vigorous republicanism . He took part in the revolution of See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor, but protested against the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory, and continually pressed for severer See also:

• MEASURES

measures against the emigres, and even their relations who had remained in France . He was secretary and then See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Five Hundred, and under the Consulate a member of the Tribunate . He took no part in public affairs under the Empire, but was See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police for See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east France during the Hundred Days .

After See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo he took See also:

• SHIP

ship from See also:

• TOULON

Toulon, but the ship was driven back by a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm and he narrowly escaped See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre at See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles . After six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks' imprisonment in the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau d'If he returned to Paris, escaping, after the proscription of the regicides, to Brussels, where he died on the 15th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1827 . LE See also:

• CONTE

CONTE, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH (1823–1901), See also:

• AMERICAN

American geologist, of Huguenot descent, was born in Liberty See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, on the 26th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1823 . He was educated at See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin College, Georgia, where he graduated (1841); he afterwards studied See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and received his degree at the New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1845 . After practising for three or four years at See also:

• MACON
• MACON, NATHANIEL (1758-1837)

Macon, Georgia, he entered Harvard, and studied natural history under L . See also:

• AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER EMANUEL (1835-191o)
• AGASSIZ, JEAN LOUIS RODOLPHE (1807-1893)

Agassiz . An excursion made with Professors J . See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall and Agassiz to the Helderberg mountains of New York See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a keen See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology . After graduating at Harvard, Le Conte in 1851 accompanied Agassiz on an expedition to study the See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida reefs . On his return he became professor of natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science in See also:

• OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD (1696—1785)

Oglethorpe University, Georgia; and from 1852 to 1856 professor of natural history and geology in Franklin College . From 1857 to 1869 he was professor of See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry and geology in South Carolina College, and he was then appointed professor of geology and natural history in the university of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, a See also:

• POST

post which he held until his death . He published a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of papers on monocular and See also:

• BINOCULAR

binocular See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision, and also on See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology .

His chief contributions, how- ever, related to geology, and in all he wrote he was lucid and philosophical . He described the fissure-eruptions in western America, discoursed on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth-crust movements and their causes and on the great features of the earth's See also:

• SURFACE

surface . As See also:

• SEPARATE

separate works he published Elements of Geology (1878, 5th ed . 1889); musical composer, was born in Paris, on the 3rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1832 . See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion and Science (1874); and See also:

• EVOLUTION

Evolution: its History, its See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• GRENOBLE

Grenoble as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in a private family; on his return to Geneva he passed his See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations and received ordination . Soon afterwards he went to See also:

• SAUMUR

Saumur, where in 1679 were published Liberii de Sancto Amore Epistolae Theologicae (Irenopoli: Typis Philalethianis), usually attributed to him; they deal with the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the Trinity, the hypostatic union of the two natures in Jesus See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, and the like, in a manner sufficiently far removed from that of the conventional orthodoxy of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . In 1682 he went to London, where he remained six months, See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching on alternate Sundays in the Walloon church and in the See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel . Passing to See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam he was introduced to John See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke and to See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip v . See also:

• LIMBORCH, PHILIPP VAN (1633-1712)

Limborch, professor at the Remonstrant college; the acquaintance with Limborch soon ripened into a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close friendship, which strengthened his preference for the Remonstrant See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, already favourably known to him by the writings of his See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• STEPHAN, HEINRICH VON (1831-1897)

Stephan Curcellaeus (d . 1645) and by those of See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon See also:

• EPISCOPIUS, SIMON (1583–1643)

Episcopius . A last See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to live at Geneva, made at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of relatives there, satisfied him that the theological See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere was uncongenial, and in 1684 he finally settled at Amsterdam, first as a moderately successful preacher, until ecclesiastical See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy shut him out from that career, and afterwards as professor of philosophy, belles-lettres and See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew in the Remonstrant See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary . This See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, which he owed to Limborch, he held from 1684, and in 1712 on the death of his friend he was called to occupy the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of church history also .

His suspected Socinianism was the cause, it is said, of his exclusion from the chair of dogmatic theology . Apart from his See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours, Le Clerc's life at Amsterdam was uneventful . In 1691 he married a daughter of Gregorio Leti . From 1728 onward he was subject to repeated strokes of See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis, and he died on the 8th of January 17 36 . full See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of the publications of Le Clerc will be found, with See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical material, in E. and E . Haag's France Protestante (where seventy-three works are enumerated), or in J . G. de Chauffepie's Dictionnaire . Only the most important of these can be mentioned here . In 1685 he published Sentimens de quelques theologiens de Hollande sur l'histoire critique du Vieux Testament composee See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par le P . See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Simon, in which, while pointing out what he believed to be the faults of that author, he undertook to make some See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive contributions towards a right understanding of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . Among these last may be noted his See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument against the See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic author-ship of the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch, his views as to the manner in which the five books were composed, his opinions (singularly See also:

• FREE

free for the time in which he lived) on the subject of See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration in general, and particularly as to the inspiration of See also:

• JOB

Job, See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

Proverbs, See also:

• ECCLESIASTES (Heb. n5np, Kohelet, "Koheleth "; Sept. EKKarlveamrils; Jerome concionator)

Ecclesiastes, See also:

• CANTICLES

Canticles . Richard Simon's Reponse (1686) elicited from Le Clerc a Defense des sentimens in the same year, which was followed by a new Reponse (1687) .

In 1692 appeared his Logica sive Ars Ratiocinandi, and also Ontologia et Pneumatologia; these, with the Physica (1695), are incorporated with the Opera Philosophica, which have passed through several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions . In 1693 his series of Biblical commentaries began with that on See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis; the series was not completed until 1731 . The portion See also:

• RELATING

relating to the New Testament books included the See also:

• PARAPHRASE (Gr. irapa¢pavis, from rrapa4p4av, to relate something in different words, 'raga, beside, and ¢pai"eav, speak, tell)

paraphrase and notes of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• HAMMOND
• HAMMOND, HENRY (1605-1660)

Hammond (1605-1660) . Le Clerc's commentary had a great influence in breaking up traditional prejudices and showing the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for a more scientific inquiry into the origin and meaning of the biblical books . It was on all sides hotly attacked . His Ars Critica appeared in 1696, and, in continuation, Epistolae Criticae et Ecclesiasticae in 1700 . Le Clere's new edition of the Apostolic Fathers of Johann Cotelerius (1627–1686), published in 1698, marked an advance in the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical study of these documents . But the greatest literary influence of Le Clerc was probably that which he exercised over his contemporaries by means of the serials, or, if one may so See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call them, reviews, of which he was editor . These were the Bibliotheque universelle et historique (Amsterdam, 25 vols . 12 mo., 1686-1693), begun with J . C. de la Croze; the Bibliotheque choisie (Amsterdam, 28 vols., 1703–1713); and the Bibliotheque ancienne et moderne, (29 vols., 1714–1726) . See Le Clerc's Parrhasiana ou pensees sur des matieres de critique, d'histoire, de morale, et de politique: avec la defense de See also:

• DIVERS

divers ouvrages de M .

L . C. par See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore Parrhase (Amsterdam, 1699) ; and Vita et opera ad annum MDCCXL, See also:

• AMICI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1786-1863)

amici ejus opusculum, philosophicis Clerici operibus subjiciendum, also attributed to himself . The supplement to Hammond's notes was translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English in 1699, Parrhasiana, or Thoughts on Several Subjects, in 1700, the Harmony of the Gospels in 1701, and Twelve See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

Dissertations out of M . Le Clerc's Genesis in 1696 .