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COUNT MIECISLAUS JOHANN LEDOCHOWSKI (1822-1902) , See also: Polish See also: cardinal, was See also: born on the 29th of See also: October 1822 in See also: Gorki (See also: Russian Poland), and received his early See also: education at the gymnasium and seminary of Warsaw
.
After See also: finishing his studies at the Jesuit Accademia dei See also: Nobili Ecclesiastici in See also: Rome, which strongly influenced his religious development and his attitude towards See also: church affairs, he was ordained in 1845
.
From 1856 to
outbreak of the Columbian revolution had to return to Rome
.
In 1861
See also: Pope See also: Pius IX. made him his See also: nuncio at Brussels, and in 1865 he was made archbishop of See also: Gnesen-See also: Posen
.
His See also: preconization followed on the 8th of See also: January 1866
.
This date marks the beginning of the second See also: period in Ledochowski's See also: life; for during the Prussian and See also: German Kulturkampf he was one of the most declared enemies of the See also: state
.
It was only during the earliest years of his See also: appointment as archbishop that he entertained a different view, invoking, for instance, an intervention of Prussia in favour of the See also: Roman Church, when it was oppressed by the See also: house of See also: Savoy
.
On the 12th of See also: December 187o he presented an effective memorandum on the subject at the headquarters at See also: Versailles
.
In 1872 the archbishop protested against the demand of the See also: government that religious teaching should be given only in the German language, and in 1873 he addressed a circular letter on this subject to the See also: clergy of his diocese
.
The government thereupon demanded a statement from the teachers of See also: religion as to whether they intended to obey it or the archbishop, and on their declaring for the archbishop, dismissed them
.
The count himself was called upon at the end of 1873 to See also: lay aside his office
.
On his refusing to do so, he was arrested between 3 and 4 o'See also: clock in the See also: morning on the 3rd of See also: February 1874 by Stafidi, the director of police, and taken to the military prison of Ostrowo
.
The pope made him a cardinal on the 13th of See also: March, but it was not till the 3rd of February 1876 that he was released from prison
.
Having been expelled from the eastern provinces of Prussia, he betook himself to
See also: Cracow, where his presence was made the pretext for See also: anti-Prussian demonstrations
.
Upon this he was also expelled from See also: Austria, and went to Rome, whence, in spite of his removal from office, which was decreed on the 15th of See also: April 1874, be continued to See also: direct the affairs of his diocese, for which he was on several occasions from 1877 to 1879 condemned in absentia by the Prussian government for " usurpation of episcopal rights." It was not till 1885 that Ledochowski re-solved to resign his archbishopric, in which he was succeeded by Dinder at the end of the See also: year
.
Ledochowski's return in 1884 was forbidden by the Prussian government (although the Kulturkampf had now See also: abated), on account of his having stirred up anew the Polish nationalist agitation
.
He passed the closing years of his life in Rome
.
In 1892 he became See also: prefect of the See also: Congregation of the Propaganda, and he died in Rome on the 22nd of See also: July 1902
.
See Ograbiszewski, Deulschlands Episko pat in Lebensbildern (1876 and following years); See also: Holtzmann-Zoppfel, Lexikon fur Theologie and Kirchenwesen (and ed., 1888) ; See also: Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel See also: des contemporains (6th ed., 1893) ; Hz-tick, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland See also: im neunzehnten Jahrhundert vol
.
4 (1901 and 19o8); Lauchert, Biographisches Jahrbuch, vol
.
7 (1905)
.
(J
.
HN.)
LEDRU-See also: ROLLIN, ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE (1807-1874), French politician, was the See also: grandson of Nicolas Philippe Ledru, the celebrated See also: quack See also: doctor known as " Comus " under See also: Louis XIV., and was born in a house that was once
See also: Scarron's, at Fontenay-aux-See also: Roses (See also: Seine), on the 2nd of February 1807
.
He had just begun to practise at the Parisian See also: bar before the revolution of July, and was retained for the Republican defence in most of the See also: great See also: political trials of the next ten years
.
In 1838 he bought for 330,000 francs See also: Desire Dalloz's place in the See also: Court of Cassation
.
He was elected deputy for Le Mans in 1841 with hardly a dissentient See also: voice; but for the violence of his electoral speeches he was tried at See also: Angers and sentenced to four months' imprisonment and a See also: fine, against which he appealed successfully on a technical point
.
He made a See also: rich and romantic See also: marriage in 1843, and in 1846 disposed of his See also: charge at the Court of Cassation to give his See also: time entirely to politics
.
He was now the recognized See also: leader of the working-men of See also: France
.
He had more authority in the country than in the Chamber, where the violence of his oratory diminished its effect
.
He asserted that the fortifications of See also: Paris were directed against liberty, not against See also: foreign invasion, and he stigmatized the See also: law of regency (1842) as an audacious usurpation
.
Neither from official Liberalism nor from the See also: press did he receive support; even the Republican See also: National was
opposed to him because of his championship of labour
.
He therefore founded La Reforme in which to advance his propaganda
.
Between Ledru-Rollin and Odilon Barrot with the other chiefs of the " dynastic See also: Left " there were acute differences, hardly dissimulated even during the temporary See also: alliance which produced the See also: campaign of the banquets
.
It was the speeches of Ledru-Rollin and Louis Blanc at working-men's banquets in See also: Lille, See also: Dijon and Chalons that really heralded the revolution
.
Ledru-Rollin prevented the appointment of the duchess of See also: Orleans as
See also: regent in 1848
.
He and Lamartine held the tribune in the Chamber of Deputies until the Parisian populace stopped serious discussion by invading the Chamber
.
He was See also: minister of the interior in the provisional government, and was also a member of the executive committee r appointed by the Constituent See also: Assembly, from which Louis Blanc and the extremists were excluded
.
At the crisis of the 15th of May he definitely sided with Lamartine and the party of See also: order against the See also: proletariat
.
Henceforward his position was a difficult one
.
He never regained his influence with the working classes, who considered they had been betrayed; but to his See also: short See also: ministry belongs the See also: credit of the establishment of a working See also: system of universal See also: suffrage
.
At the presidential election in December he was put forward as the Socialist See also: candidate, but secured only 370,000 votes
.
His opposition to the policy of President Louis See also: Napoleon, especially his Roman policy, led to his moving the impeachment of the president and his ministers
.
The motion was defeated, and next See also: day (See also: June 13, 1849) he headed what he called a peaceful demonstration, and his enemies armed insurrection
.
He himself escaped to See also: London where he joined the executive of the revolutionary committee of See also: Europe, with Kossuth and Mazzini among his colleagues
.
He was accused of complicity in an obscure attempt (18J7) against the life of Napoleon III., and condemned in his See also: absence to See also: deportation
.
Emile 011ivier removed the exceptions from the general amnesty in 187o, and Ledru-Rollin returned to France after twenty years of exile
.
Though elected in 1871 in three departments he refused to sit in the National Assembly, and took no serious See also: part in politics until 1874 when he was returned to the Assembly as member for See also: Vaucluse
.
He died on the 31st of December of that year
.
Under Louis Philippe he made large contributions to French See also: jurisprudence, editing the Journal du palais, 1791–1837 (27 vols., 1837), and 1837–1847 (17 vols.), with a commentary Repertoire general de la jurisprudence fran¢aise (8 vols., 1843–1848), the introduction to which was written by himself
.
His later writings were political in character
.
See Ledru-Rollin, ses discours et ses ecrits politiques (2 vols., Paris, 1879), edited by his widow
.
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