See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT MIECISLAUS JOHANN See also:

• COUNT MIECISLAUS JOHANN LEDOCHOWSKI (1822-1902)

LEDOCHOWSKI (1822-1902)  , See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 29th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1822 in See also:

• GORKI, MAXIM (1868– )

Gorki (See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland), and received his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the gymnasium and See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary of See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw . After See also:

• FINISHING

finishing his studies at the Jesuit Accademia dei See also:

• NOBILI, LEOPOLDO

Nobili Ecclesiastici in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, which strongly influenced his religious development and his attitude towards See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church affairs, he was ordained in 1845 . From 1856 to outbreak of the Columbian revolution had to return to Rome . In 1861 See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. made him his See also:

• NUNCIO

nuncio at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, and in 1865 he was made See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• GNESEN (Polish, Gniezno)

Gnesen-See also:

• POSEN
• POSEN (Polish Poznan)

Posen . His See also:

• PRECONIZATION (Late Lat. praeconizatio, from praeconizare, to proclaim, Lat. praeco, a public crier)

preconization followed on the 8th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1866 . This date marks the beginning of the second See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in See also:

• LEDOCHOWSKI, MIECISLAUS JOHANN, COUNT (1822-1902)

Ledochowski's See also:

• LIFE

life; for during the Prussian and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Kulturkampf he was one of the most declared enemies of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . It was only during the earliest years of his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as archbishop that he entertained a different view, invoking, for instance, an intervention of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in favour of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Church, when it was oppressed by the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy . On the 12th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 187o he presented an effective memorandum on the subject at the headquarters at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles . In 1872 the archbishop protested against the demand of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government that religious teaching should be given only in the German See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and in 1873 he addressed a circular See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter on this subject to the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese . The government thereupon demanded a statement from the teachers of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion as to whether they intended to obey it or the archbishop, and on their declaring for the archbishop, dismissed them . The See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count himself was called upon at the end of 1873 to See also:

• LAY

lay aside his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . On his refusing to do so, he was arrested between 3 and 4 o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock in the See also:

• MORNING

morning on the 3rd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1874 by Stafidi, the director of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, and taken to the military See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison of Ostrowo .

The pope made him a cardinal on the 13th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, but it was not till the 3rd of February 1876 that he was released from prison . Having been expelled from the eastern provinces of Prussia, he betook himself to See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, where his presence was made the pretext for See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Prussian demonstrations . Upon this he was also expelled from See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and went to Rome, whence, in spite of his removal from office, which was decreed on the 15th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1874, be continued to See also:

• DIRECT

direct the affairs of his diocese, for which he was on several occasions from 1877 to 1879 condemned in absentia by the Prussian government for " usurpation of episcopal rights." It was not till 1885 that Ledochowski re-solved to resign his archbishopric, in which he was succeeded by Dinder at the end of the See also:

• YEAR

year . Ledochowski's return in 1884 was forbidden by the Prussian government (although the Kulturkampf had now See also:

• ABATED

abated), on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his having stirred up anew the Polish nationalist agitation . He passed the closing years of his life in Rome . In 1892 he became See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of the Propaganda, and he died in Rome on the 22nd of See also:

• JULY

July 1902 . See Ograbiszewski, Deulschlands Episko pat in Lebensbildern (1876 and following years); See also:

• HOLTZMANN, HEINRICH JULIUS (1832— )

Holtzmann-Zoppfel, Lexikon See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Theologie and Kirchenwesen (and ed., 1888) ; See also:

• VAPEREAU, LOUIS GUSTAVE (1819–1906)

Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel See also:

• DES

des contemporains (6th ed., 1893) ; Hz-tick, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im neunzehnten Jahrhundert vol . 4 (1901 and 19o8); Lauchert, Biographisches Jahrbuch, vol . 7 (1905) . (J . HN.) LEDRU-See also:

• ROLLIN, CHARLES (1661-1741)

ROLLIN, See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE (1807-1874), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French politician, was the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas Philippe Ledru, the celebrated See also:

• QUACK

quack See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor known as " See also:

• COMUS (from sd p.os, revel, or a company of revellers)

Comus " under See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., and was born in a house that was once See also:

• SCARRON, PAUL (1610-166o)

Scarron's, at Fontenay-aux-See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses (See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine), on the 2nd of February 1807 . He had just begun to practise at the Parisian See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar before the revolution of July, and was retained for the Republican See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence in most of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POLITICAL

political trials of the next ten years .

In 1838 he bought for 330,000 francs See also:

• DESIRE

Desire Dalloz's See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court of Cassation . He was elected See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for Le Mans in 1841 with hardly a dissentient See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice; but for the violence of his electoral speeches he was tried at See also:

• ANGERS

Angers and sentenced to four months' imprisonment and a See also:

• FINE

fine, against which he appealed successfully on a technical point . He made a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and romantic See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in 1843, and in 1846 disposed of his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge at the Court of Cassation to give his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time entirely to politics . He was now the recognized See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the working-men of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . He had more authority in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country than in the Chamber, where the violence of his See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory diminished its effect . He asserted that the fortifications of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris were directed against See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, not against See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign invasion, and he stigmatized the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of regency (1842) as an audacious usurpation . Neither from See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official Liberalism nor from the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press did he receive support; even the Republican See also:

• NATIONAL

National was opposed to him because of his championship of labour . He therefore founded La Reforme in which to advance his propaganda . Between Ledru-Rollin and Odilon See also:

• BARROT, CAMILLE HYACINTHE ODILON (1791-1873)

Barrot with the other chiefs of the " dynastic See also:

• LEFT

Left " there were acute See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences, hardly dissimulated even during the temporary See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance which produced the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of the banquets . It was the speeches of Ledru-Rollin and Louis See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc at working-men's banquets in See also:

• LILLE

Lille, See also:

• DIJON

Dijon and Chalons that really heralded the revolution . Ledru-Rollin prevented the appointment of the duchess of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent in 1848 . He and Lamartine held the See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune in the Chamber of Deputies until the Parisian populace stopped serious discussion by invading the Chamber .

He was See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the interior in the provisional government, and was also a member of the executive See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee r appointed by the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, from which Louis Blanc and the extremists were excluded . At the crisis of the 15th of May he definitely sided with Lamartine and the party of See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order against the See also:

• PROLETARIAT, or PROLETARIATE

proletariat . Henceforward his position was a difficult one . He never regained his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with the working classes, who considered they had been betrayed; but to his See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry belongs the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a working See also:

• SYSTEM

system of universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . At the presidential See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election in December he was put forward as the Socialist See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate, but secured only 370,000 votes . His opposition to the policy of See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President Louis See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, especially his Roman policy, led to his moving the See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment of the president and his ministers . The See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion was defeated, and next See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (See also:

• JUNE

June 13, 1849) he headed what he called a peaceful demonstration, and his enemies armed insurrection . He himself escaped to See also:

• LONDON

London where he joined the executive of the revolutionary committee of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, with See also:

• KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS (1841– )
• KOSSUTH, LAJOS [Louis] (1802-1894)

Kossuth and Mazzini among his colleagues . He was accused of complicity in an obscure See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt (18J7) against the life of Napoleon III., and condemned in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence to See also:

• DEPORTATION

deportation . Emile 011ivier removed the exceptions from the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty in 187o, and Ledru-Rollin returned to France after twenty years of See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . Though elected in 1871 in three departments he refused to sit in the National Assembly, and took no serious See also:

• PART

part in politics until 1874 when he was returned to the Assembly as member for See also:

• VAUCLUSE

Vaucluse . He died on the 31st of December of that year .

Under Louis Philippe he made large contributions to French See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, editing the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal du palais, 1791–1837 (27 vols., 1837), and 1837–1847 (17 vols.), with a commentary Repertoire general de la jurisprudence fran¢aise (8 vols., 1843–1848), the introduction to which was written by himself . His later writings were political in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . See Ledru-Rollin, ses discours et ses ecrits politiques (2 vols., Paris, 1879), edited by his widow .