See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

SIDNEY See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• SIDNEY LEE (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

LEE (1859– )  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 5th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1859 . He was educated at the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of London school, and at Balliol . See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he graduated in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history in 1882 . In the next See also:

• YEAR

year he became assistant-editor of the See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography . In 1890 he was made See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-editor, and on the retirement of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• LESLIE
• LESLIE, CHARLES (1650-1722)
• LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT (1794–1859)
• LESLIE, FRED [FREDERICK HOBSON] (1855–1892)
• LESLIE, SIR JOHN (1766-1832)
• LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE (1827-1882)

Leslie See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen in 1891 succeeded him as editor . He was himself a voluminous contributor to the See also:

• WORK

work, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing some Soo articles, mainly on Elizabethan authors or statesmen . While he was still at Balliol he wrote two articles on Shakespearian questions, which were printed in the See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

Gentleman's See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, and in 1884 he published a See also:

• BOOK

book on See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford-on-See also:

• AVON

Avon . His See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare in the fifty-first See also:

• VOLUME

volume (1897) of the Dictionary of National Biography formed the basis of his See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Shakespeare (1898), which reached its fifth edition in 1905 . Mr See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee edited in 1902 the Oxford facsimile edition of the first See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio of Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories and Tragedies, followed in 1902 and 1904 by supplementary volumes giving details of extant copies, and in 1906 by a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of Lee and J . E . B . See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, all of whom became See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• OFFICERS

officers in the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War .

In 1855 he was appointed as lieut.-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel to the 2nd See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

Cavalry, commanded by Colonel See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney See also:

• JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY (1803–1862)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER (1849-1888)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH (1804-1871)
• JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (1587-1641)
• JOHNSTON, J
• JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (1807-1891)
• JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON (1858- )

Johnston, with whom he served against the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of the See also:

• TEXAS

Texas border . In 18J9, while at See also:

• ARLINGTON
• ARLINGTON, HENRY BENNET, EARL OF (1618-1685)

Arlington on leave, he was summoned to command the See also:

• UNITED

United States troops sent to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown See also:

• RAID

raid on Harper's See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1861 he was made colonel of the 1st U.S . Cavalry; but his career in the old See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army ended with the See also:

• SECESSION

secession of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia in the following See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . Lee was strongly averse to secession, but See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt obliged to conform to the See also:

• ACTION

action of his own See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The Federal authorities offered Lee the command of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field army about to invade the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South, which he refused . Resigning his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, he made his way to See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond and was at once made a See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general in the Virginian forces . A few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks later he became a brigadier-general (then the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank) in the Confederate service . The military operations with which the See also:

• GREAT

great Civil War opened in 1861 were directed by See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis and General Lee . Lee was personally in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the unsuccessful See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Virginian operations in the autumn, and, having been made a full general on the 31st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter he devoted his experience as an engineer to the fortification and general See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Thence, when the well-drilled Army of the See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac was about to descend upon Richmond, he was hurriedly recalled to Richmond . General Johnston was wounded at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• FAIR

Fair Oaks (Seven Pines) on the 31st of May 1862, and General See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert E .

Lee was assigned to the command of the famous Army of See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Virginia which for the next three years " carried the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion on its bayonets." Little can be said of Lee's career as a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief that is not an integral See also:

• PART

part of the history of the Civil War . His first success was the " Seven Days' Battle " (q.v.) in which he stopped McClellan's advance; this was quickly followed up by the crushing defeat of the Federal army under See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope, the invasion of See also:

• MARYLAND

Maryland and the sanguinary and indecisive battle of the See also:

• ANTIETAM

Antietam (q.v.) . The year ended with another great victory at Fredericksburg (q v.) See also:

• CHANCELLORSVILLE

Chancellorsville (see See also:

• WILDERNESS

WILDERNESS), won against odds of two to one, and the great three days' battle of See also:

• GETTYSBURG

Gettysburg (q.v.), where for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune turned decisively against the Confederates, were the chief events of 1863 . In the autumn Lee fought a war of manoeuvre against General See also:

• MEADE, GEORGE GORDON (1815—1872)
• MEADE, WILLIAM (1789-1862)

Meade . The tremendous struggle of 1864 between Lee and See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant included the battles of the Wilderness (q.v.), See also:

• SPOTTSYLVANIA

Spottsylvania, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna, See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

Cold Harbor and the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg (q.v.), in which, almost invariably, Lee was locally successful . But the steady pressure of his unrelenting opponent slowly wore down his strength . At last with not more than one man to oppose to Grant's three he was compelled to break out of his Petersburg lines (See also:

• APRIL

April 1865) . A See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of heavy combats revealed his purpose, and Grant pursued the dwindling remnants of . Lee's army to the westward . Headed off by the Federal cavalry, and pressed closely in See also:

• REAR

rear by Grant's See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body, General Lee had no alternative but to surrender . At Appomattox See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, on the 9th of April, the career of the Army of Northern Virginia came to an end . Lee's farewell See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was issued on the following See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and within a few weeks the Confederacy was at an end .

For a few months Lee lived quietly in Powhatan See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, making his formal submission to the Federal authorities and urging on his own See also:

• PEOPLE

people See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of the new conditions . In August he was offered, and accepted, the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of Washing-ton College, See also:

• LEXINGTON
• LEXINGTON, BARON

Lexington (now See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington and Lee University), a See also:

• POST

post which he occupied until his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 12th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 187o He was buried in the college grounds . See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

Fur the events of Lee's military career briefly indicated in this See also:

• NOTICE

notice the reader is referred to the articles See also:

• AMERICAN

AMERICAN C1v11, WAR, &c . By his achievements he won a high See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amongst the great generals of history . Though hampered by lack of materials and by See also:

• POLITICAL

political necessities, his See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy was daring always, and he never hesitated to take the gravest risks . On the field of battle he was as energetic in attack as he was See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant in defence, and his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the men Shakespeare's See also:

• WORKS

Works . Besides See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of English See also:

• CLASSICS

classics his works include a Life of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria (1902), Great Englishmen of the Sixteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (1904), based on his See also:

• LOWELL
• LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1856— )
• LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL (1835-1864)
• LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891)
• LOWELL, JOHN (1743-1802)

Lowell See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute lectures at See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass., in 1903, and Shakespeare and the Modern See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

Stage (1996) .