See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the same name, which consists of the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn and the islands of See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba and Gorgona . The town is the seat of a bishopric and of a large See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy—the only one in Italy—and the third largest commercial See also:

• PORT

port in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, situated on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, 12 m . S.V. of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa by See also:

• RAIL

rail, 10 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . Pop . (Igor) 78,308 (town), 96,528 (commune) . It is built along the sea-See also:

• SHORE

shore upon a healthy and fertile See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• LAND

land, which forms, as it were, an See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis in a See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of See also:

• MAREMMA (a corruption of Marittima, " situated on the sea ")

Maremma . Behind is a range of hills, the most conspicuous of which, the See also:

• MONTE

Monte See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero, is crowned by a frequented See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and also by villas and hotels, to which a funicular railway runs . The town itself is almost entirely See also:

• MODERN

modern . The 16th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Fortezza Vecchia, guarding the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, is picturesque, and there is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I. by Pietro Tacca (r577-164o), a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Giovanni da See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna . The lofty Torre del Marzocco, erected in J423 by the Florentines, is See also:

• FINE

fine . The See also:

• FACADE

facade of the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral was designed by Inigo See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones . The old See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery contains the tombs of Tobias See also:

• SMOLLETT, TOBIAS GEORGE (1721-1771)

Smollett (d .

1771) and See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• HORNER, FRANCIS (1778–1817)
• HORNER, LEONARD (1785-1864)

Horner (d . 1817) . There is also a large See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue founded in 1581 . The See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, the chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and the clearing-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest in theworld, dating from 1764) are See also:

• UNITED

united under one roof in the Palazzo del Commercio, opened in 1907 . Several improvements have been carried out in the city and port, and the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is developing rapidly as an See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial centre . The naval academy, formerly established partly at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and partly at See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, has been transferred to Leghorn . Some of the navigable canals which connected the harbour with the interior of the city have been either modified or filled up . Several streets have been widened, and a road along the shore has been transformed into a fine and shady See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade . Leghorn is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal sea-bathing resort in this See also:

• PART

part of Italy, the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season lasting from the end of See also:

• JUNE

June to the end of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . A See also:

• SPA

spa for the use of the Acque della Salute has been constructed . Leghorn is on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line from Pisa to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; another line runs to See also:

• COLIC (from the Gr. K6Aov or KwAov, the large intestine)

Colic Salvetti . A considerable number of important steamship lines See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call here .

The new rectilinear See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole, sanctioned in 1881, has been built out into the sea for a distance of 600 yds. from the old Vegliaia lighthouse, and the docking See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin has been lengthened to 490 ft . Inside the See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater the See also:

• DEPTH

depth varies from ro to 26 ft . The See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the port increased from £3,853,593 in 1897 to £5,675,z85 in 1905 and £7,009,758 in r906 (the large increase being mainly due to a rise of over £r,000,000 in imports—mainly of See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• BUILDING

building materials and machinery), the See also:

• AVERAGE

average ratio of imports to exports being as three to two . The imports consist principally of machinery, coal, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, dried See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and hides, and the exports of See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, hides, See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• CORAL

coral, candied See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• STRAW

straw hats, boracic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury, and See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster . In 1885 the total number of vessels that entered the port was 4281 of 1,434,000 tons; of these, 1251 of 750,000 tons were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign; 688,000 tons of merchandise were loaded and unloaded . In 1906, after considerable fluctuations during the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval, the total number that entered was 4623 vessels of 2,372,551 tons; of these, 935 of 1,002,119 tons were foreign; See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SHIPS

ships representing about See also:

• HALF

half this See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage . In 1906 the total imports and exports amounted to 1,470,000 tons including See also:

• COASTING

coasting trade . A See also:

• GREAT

great obstacle to the development of the port is the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of modern See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical appliances for loading and unloading vessels, and of See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay space and See also:

• DOCK

dock See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation . The older shipyards have been considerably extended, and See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding is actively carried on, especially by the Orlando yard which builds large ships for the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• NAVY

navy, while new See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries—namely, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-making and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, electric See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power See also:

• WORKS

works, a See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement factory, See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain factories, See also:

• FLOUR

flour-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, oil-mills, a See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• YARN

yarn See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning factory, electric plant works, a See also:

• SHIP

ship-breaking yard, a motor-See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat yard, &c.—have been established . Other important firms, Tuscan wine-growers, oil-growers, See also:

• TIMBER

timber traders, See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour manufacturers, &c., have their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head offices and stores at Leghorn, with a view to export . The former British " factory " here was of great importance for the trade with the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant, but was closed in 1825 . The two villages of Ardenza and Antignano, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form part of the commune, have acquired considerable importance, the former in part for sea-bathing .

The earliest mention of Leghorn occurs in a document of 891, See also:

• RELATING

relating to the first church here; in 1017 it is called a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle . In the 13th century the Pisans tried to attract a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to the, spot, but it was not till the 14th that Leghorn became a See also:

• RIVAL

rival of See also:

• PORTO

Porto See also:

• PISANO, A
• PISANO, ANDREA
• PISANO, GIOVANNI (c. 1250-1330)
• PISANO, NICCOLA (c. 1206-1278)
• PISANO, VITTORE (c. 1380-1456)

Pisano at the mouth of the See also:

• ARNO (anc. Arnus)
• ARNO, ARN

Arno, which it was destined ultimately to supplant . It was at Leghorn that See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban V. and See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XI. landed on their return from See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon . When in 1405 the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France sold Pisa to the Florentines he kept See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Leghorn; but he afterwards (1407) sold it for 26,000 ducats to the Genoese, and from the Genoese the Florentines See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased it in 1421 . In 1496 the city showed its devotion to its new masters by a successful See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence against See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian and his See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, but it was still a small place; in 1551 there were only 749 inhabitants . With the rise of the See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici came a rapid increase of prosperity; Cosmo, Francis and Ferdinand erected fortifications and harbour works, warehouses and churches, with equal liberality, and the last especially gave a stimulus to trade by inviting " men of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and the West, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Portuguese, Greeks, Germans, Italians, See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews, See also:

• TURKS

Turks, See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, Armenians, Persians and others," to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle and See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic in the city, as it became in 1606 . Declared See also:

• FREE

free and neutral in 1691, Leghorn was permanently invested with these privileges by the Quadruple See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance in 1718; but in 1796 See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon seized all the hostile vessels in its port . It ceased to be a free city by the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1867 . (T .