LEIDEN  or See also:

• LEYDEN, JOHN (1775-1811)

LEYDEN, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, on the Old See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, and a junction station 13 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.S.W. of See also:

• HAARLEM

Haarlem . It is connected by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway with Haarlem and The See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague respectively, and with the seaside resorts of Katwyk and Noordwyk . There is also See also:

• REGULAR

regular steamboat connexion with Katwyk, Noordwyk, Amster-See also:

• DAM

dam and See also:

• GOUDA (or TER GouwE)

Gouda . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Leiden which, it is estimated, reached roo,000 in 164o, had sunk to 30,000 between 1796 and 1811, and in 1904 was 56,044 . The two branches of the Rhine which enter Leiden on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east unite in the centre of the See also:

• TOWN

town, which is further intersected by numerous small and sombre canals, with See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-bordered quays and old houses . On the south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the town pleasant gardens extend along the old Singel, or See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, and there is a large open space, the See also:

• VAN

Van der Werf See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, named after the burgomaster, Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werf, who defended the town against the Spaniards in 1574 . This open space was formed by the accidental See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion of a powdership in 1807, hundreds of houses being demolished, including that of the See also:

• ELZEVIR

Elzevir See also:

• FAMILY

family of printers . At the junction of the two arms of the Rhine stands the old See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle (De Burcht), a circular See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower built on an earthen See also:

• MOUND

mound . Its origin is unknown, but some connect it with See also:

• ROMAN

Roman days and others with the Saxon Hengist . Of Leiden's old gateways only two—both dating from the end of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century—are See also:

• STANDING

standing . Of the numerous churches the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are the Hooglandsche Kerk, or the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St Pancras, built in the 15th century and restored in 1885–1002, containing the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werf, and the Pieterskerk (1315) with monuments to See also:

• SCALIGER

Scaliger, See also:

• BOERHAAVE, HERMANN (1668–1738)

Boerhaave and other famous scholars . The most interesting buildings are the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall (Stadhuis), a See also:

• FINE

fine example of 16th-century Dutch See also:

• BUILDING

building; the Gemeenlandshuis van Rynland (1J96, restored 1878) ; the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house built by Pieter See also:

• POST

Post (1658); the former See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-house, now a military storehouse; and the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient gymnasium (1599) and the so-called city See also:

• TIMBER

timber-house (Stads Timmerhuis) (1612), both built by Lieven de See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

Key (c .

156o–1627) . In spite of a certain See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial activity and the periodical bustle of its See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy markets, Leiden remains essentially an See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic city . The university is a flourishing institution . It was founded by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange in 1575 as a See also:

• REWARD

reward for the heroic See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the previous See also:

• YEAR

year, the tradition being that the citizens were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes . Originally located in the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of St See also:

• BARBARA, SAINT

Barbara, the university was removed in 1581 to the convent of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Nuns, the site of which it still occupies, though that building was destroyed in 1616 . The presence within See also:

• HALF

half a century of the date of its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of such scholars as Justus See also:

• LIPSIUS, JUSTUS (1547-16o6)
• LIPSIUS, RICHARD ADELBERT (183o-1892)

Lipsius, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Scaliger, See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• GOMARUS, FRANZ (1563-1641)

Gomarus, See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius, Jacobus See also:

• ARMINIUS
• ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (1560-1609)

Arminius, See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• HEINSIUS (or HEINS) DANIEL (1580-1655)
• HEINSIUS, NIKOLAES (1620-1681)

Heinsius and Guardas Johannes See also:

• VOSSIUS [Voss], GERHARD JOHANN (1577–1649)

Vossius, at once raised Leiden university to the highest See also:

• EUROPEAN

European fame, a position which the learning and reputation of Jacobus See also:

• GRONOVIUS (the latinized form of GROrrov), JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1611—1671)

Gronovius, See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann Boerhaave, Tiberius See also:

• HEMSTERHUIS, FRANCOIS (1721-1790)
• HEMSTERHUIS, TIBERIUS (1685-1766)

Hemsterhuis and See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David Ruhnken, among others, enabled it to maintain down to the end of the 18th century . The portraits of many famous professors since the, earliest days hang in the university aula, one of the most memorable places, as See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr called it, in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . The university library contains upwards of 190,000 volumes and 6000 See also:

• MSS

MSS. and pamphlet portfolios, and is very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek MSS. and old Dutch travels . Among the institutions connected with the university are the See also:

• NATIONAL

national institution for East See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

ethnology and See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography; the fine botanical gardens, founded in 1587; the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory See also:

• LEIDY, JOSEPH (1823–1891)

LEIDY 395 (186o); the natural history museum, with a very See also:

• COMPLETE

complete anatomical See also:

• CABINET

cabinet; the museum of antiquities (Museum van Oudheden), with specially valuable See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian and Indian departments; a museum of Dutch antiquities from the earliest times; and three ethnographical museums, of which the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus was P . F. von See also:

• SIEBOLD, CARL THEODOR ERNST VON (1804–1885)
• SIEBOLD, PHILIPP FRANZ VON (1796-1866)

Siebold's See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese collections . The anatomical and pathological laboratories of the university are See also:

• MODERN

modern, and the museums of See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology and See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy have been restored . The university has now five faculties, of which those of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine are the most celebrated, and is attended by about I200 students .

The municipal museum, founded in 1869 and located in the old See also:

• CLOTH

cloth-hall (Laeckenhalle) (164o), contains a varied collection of antiquities connected with Leiden, as well as some paintings including See also:

• WORKS

works by the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder van Swanenbnrgh, See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Engelbrechtszoon, See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas van Leiden and See also:

• JAN

Jan See also:

• STEEN, JAN HAVICKSZ (1626-1.679)

Steen, who were all natives of Leiden . Jan van See also:

• GOYEN, JAN JOSEPHSZOON VAN (1596-1656)

Goyen, See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel See also:

• METSU, GABRIEL (1630—1667)

Metsu, See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard Dou and See also:

• REMBRANDT (1606-1669)

Rembrandt were also natives of this town . There is also a small collection of paintings in the Meermansburg . The Thysian library occupies an old See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance building of the year 1655, and is especially rich in legal works and native See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles . Noteworthy also are the collection of the Society of Dutch Literature (1766); the collections of casts and of engravings; the See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen's training school; the Remonstrant See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, transferred hither from See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam in '1873; the two hospitals (one of which is private) ; the house of correction; and the court-house . Leiden is an ancient town, although it is not the Lugdunum Batavorum of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . Its See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early name was Leithen, and it was governed until 142o by burgraves, the representatives of the courts of Holland . The most celebrated event in its history is its See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by the Spaniards in 1574 . Besieged from May until See also:

• OCTOBER

October, it was at length relieved by the cutting of the dikes, thus enabling See also:

• SHIPS

ships to carry provisions to the inhabitants of the flooded town . The See also:

• WEAVING

weaving establishments (mainly broadcloth) of Leiden at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 15th century were very important, and after the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Spaniards Leiden cloth, Leiden See also:

• BAIZE (16th century Fr. baies, cf. English " bay ")

baize and Leiden camlet were See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar terms . These See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries afterwards declined, and in the beginning of the 19th century the baize manufacture was altogether given up . See also:

• LINEN

Linen and woollen manufactures are now the most important industries, while there is a considerable transit See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese .

Katwyk, or Katwijk, 6 m . N.W. of Leiden, is a popular seaside resort and fishing See also:

• VILLAGE

village . Close by are the See also:

• GREAT

great locks constructed in 1807 by the engineer, F . W . See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad (d . 18o8), through which the Rhine (here called the Katwyk canal) is admitted into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide . The See also:

• SHORE

shore and the entrance to the canal are strengthened by huge dikes . In 152o an ancient Roman See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp known as the Britten-See also:

• BURG

burg was discovered here . It was square in shape, each side measuring 82 yds., and the remains stood about in ft. high . By the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century it had been destroyed and covered by the sea . See P . J .

Blok, Eine hollandsche stad in de middeleeuwen (The Hague, 1883); and for the siege see J . L . See also:

• MOTLEY
• MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814–1897)

Motley, The Rise of the Dutch See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic (1896) .