LEIF ERICSSON ILEIFR  EIRIKSSON] (fl . 999-1000), Scandinavian explorer, of Icelandic See also:

• FAMILY

family, the first known See also:

• EUROPEAN

European discoverer of " See also:

• VINLAND (Old Norse, Vinland, i.e. Vineland or Wineland)

Vinland," " See also:

• VINELAND

Vineland " or " Wineland, the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good," in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . He was a son of See also:

• ERIC

Eric the Red (Eirikr hinn raudi Thorvaldsson), the founder of the earliest Scandinavian settlements—from See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland—in See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland (985) . In 999 he went from Greenland to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf Tryggvason in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, stopping in the See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides on the way . On his departure from Norway in 1000, the king commissioned him to proclaim See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity in Greenland . As on his outward voyage, Leif was again driven far out of his course by contrary See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather—this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to lands (in America) " of which he had previously had no knowledge," where " self-sown " See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew, and vines, and " mdsur " (See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple?) See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . Leif took specimens of all these, and sailing away came See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home safely to his See also:

• FATHER

father's home in Brattahlid on Ericsfiord in Greenland . On his voyage from this Vineland to Greenland, Leif rescued some shipwrecked men, and from this, and his discoveries, gained his name of " The Lucky " (limn heppni) . On the subsequent expedition of Thorfinn Karlsefni for the further exploration and See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the Far Western See also:

• VINE

vine-See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, it is recorded that certain Gaels, incredibly See also:

• FLEET

fleet of See also:

• FOOT

foot, who had been given to Leif by Olaf Tryggvason, and whom Leif had offered to Thorfinn, were put on See also:

• SHORE

shore to See also:

• SCOUT (from O. Fr. escouter, mod. ecouter, Lat. auscultare, to listen)

scout . Such is the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

Saga of Eric the Red, supported by a number of briefer references in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Icelandic and other literature . The less trustworthy See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Flatey See also:

• BOOK

Book makes Biarni Heriulfsson in 985 discover Helluland (Labrador?) as well as other western lands which he does not explore, not even permitting his' men to See also:

• LAND

land; while Leif Ericsson follows up Biarni's discoveries, begins the exploration of Helluland, See also:

• MARKLAND, JEREMIAH (1693–1776)

Markland and Vinland, and realizes some of the charms of the last named, where he winters . But this secondary authority (the Flatey Book narrative), which till lately formed the basis of all See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general knowledge as to Vinland, abounds in contradictions and difficulties from which Eric the Red Saga is comparatively See also:

• FREE

free .

Thus (in Flatey) the grapes of Vinland are found in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and gathered in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring; the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who first finds them, Leif's See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster-father Tyrker• the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, gets drunk from eating the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit; and the vines themselves are spoken of as big trees affording See also:

• TIMBER

timber . Looking at the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record in Eric the Red Saga, it would seem probable that Leif's Vinland answers to some See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Nova See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia . See VINLAND . (As to Helluland and Markland see TIIORFINN KARLSEFNI.) The See also:

• MSS

MSS. of Eric the Red's Saga are Nos . 544 and 557 of the See also:

• ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE (1710-1778)

Arne-Magnaean collection in See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen; the MS. of the Flatey Book, so called because it was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of a family living on See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

Flat See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island in Broad See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth (Flatey in Breiis'afjord [B-eidafj-d]), on the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Iceland, was presented in 1662 to the Royal Library of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, of which it is still one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief treasures . These leading narratives are supplemented by See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam of See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, See also:

• CHAP

chap . 38 (247 See also:

• LAPPENBERG

Lappenberg) of book iv . (often separately entitled Descriptio Insularum Aquilonis; Adam's is the earliest extant reference to Vinland, c . 1070) : we have also notices of Vinland in the Libellus Islandorum of See also:

• ARI

Ari Frodi (c . 1120), the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest Icelandic historian; in the Kristni Saga (repeated in Snorri Sturlason's Heimskringla) ; in Eyrbyggia Saga (c . 1250); in Gretti Saga (c . 1290); and in an Icelandic See also:

• CHOROGRAPHY

chorography of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, or earlier, partly derived from the famous traveller See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

Abbot See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas of Thing-eyrar (t1159) .

See Gustav See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

Storm, " Studies on the Vineland Voyages," inthe Me,noires de la Societe royale See also:

• DES

des Antiquaires du See also:

• NORD

Nord (Copenhagen, 1888); and Eiriks Saga Raudha (Copenhagen, 1891); A . M . See also:

• REEVES, JOHN SIMS (1818-1900)

Reeves, Finding of Wineland the Good: the History of the Icelandic See also:

• DISCOVERY

Discovery of America (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1890) ; in this See also:

• WORK

work the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original authorities are given in full, with photographic facsimiles, See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations and adequate commentary; See also:

• RAFN, KARL CHRISTIAN (1795-1864)

Rafn's Antiquitates Americanae (Copenhagen, 1837) contains all the See also:

• SOURCES

sources, but the editor's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal views have in many cases failed to satisfy See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism; the Flatey See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text is printed also by See also:

• VIGFUSSON, GUDBRANDR (1828-188g)

Vigfusson and Unger in Flateyjar-bok, vol. i . (See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania, 1860) . There are also translations of Flatey and Red Eric Saga in Beamish, Discovery of North America. by the Northmen (Lend., 1841) ; E . F . Slafter, Voyages of the Northmen (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1877) ; B . F. de See also:

• COSTA, GIOVANNI (1826–1903)
• COSTA, LORENZO (146o-r535)
• COSTA, SIR MICHAEL ANDREW AGNUS (1808-1884)

Costa, Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen (See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany, 1901); and Original Narratives of Early See also:

• AMERICAN

American History; The Northmen, See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus and See also:

• CABOT, GEORGE (1751–1823)
• CABOT, JOHN [GIOVANNI CABOTO] (1450-1498)

Cabot, pp . 1-66 (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1906) . See also C . See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond Beazley, See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

Dawn of See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography ii . 48-83 (London, 1901) ; Josef See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Entdeckungen der Nor. mannen in Amerika (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg i .

B., 1902); See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• FISKE, JOHN (1842-1901)
• FISKE, MINNIE MADDERN (1865– )

Fiske, Discovery of America, vol. i . ; Juul Dieserud, " Norse Discoveries in America," in the Bulletin of the American See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February, 1901) ; G . Vigfusson, Origines Islandicae (1905), which strangely expresses a preference for the Flatey Book " account of the first sighting of the American See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent " by the Norsemen . (C . R .