See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, See also:

• LAT

Lat. Leopolis)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the crowniand of See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, 468 m . N.W. of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (Ig0o) 159,618, of whom over 8o% were Poles, 10% Germans, and 8% Ruthenians; nearly 30% of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population were See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . According to population See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg is the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, coming after Vienna, See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague and See also:

• TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste . Lemberg is situated on the small See also:

• RIVER

river 'Peltew, an affluent of the See also:

• BUG

Bug, in a valley in the Sarmatian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, and is surrounded by hills . It is composed of the inner See also:

• TOWN

town and of four suburbs . The inner town was formerly fortified, but the fortifications were subjects might be treated without offence . The See also:

• PINTO
• PINTO, ANIBAL (1825–1884)
• PINTO, FERNAO MENDES (1509–1583)

Pinto (1800) was transformed into See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure grounds in 1811 . Lemberg is the the result of a See also:

• WAGER (derived, through Fr. wagier, gagier, from Lat. vadiunz, a pledge)

wager that no further dramatic innovations were See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Catholic and Armenian possible after the comedies of See also:

• BEAUMARCHAIS, PIERRE AUGUSTIN CARON DE (1732-1799)

Beaumarchais . It is a See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical archbishops, and contains three cathedrals . The Roman See also:

• COMEDY

comedy on the subject of the Portuguese revolution of 1640 .

Catholic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral was finished by Casimir IV. in 1480 in See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic This See also:

• PLAY

play was construed as casting reflections on the first See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; near it is a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel (1609) remarkable for its See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture who had hitherto been a See also:

• FIRM

firm friend of See also:

• LEMERCIER, LOUIS JEAN NEPOMUCENE (1771–1840)

Lemercier . His extreme and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture . The Greek cathedral, built in 1740—1779 in the freedom of speech finally offended See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, and the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel See also:

• BASILICA

Basilica style, is situated on a height which dominates the town. proved disastrous to Lemercier's See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . None The Armenian cathedral was built in 1437 in the Armenian- of his subsequent See also:

• WORK

work fulfilled the expectations raised by See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine style . The Dominican See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, built in 1749 after See also:

• AGAMEMNON

Agamemnon, with the exception perhaps of Fredegonde et the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, contains a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument by Brunelzaut (1821) . In 1810 he was elected to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, Thorvaldsen to the Countess Dunin-Borkowska; the Greek where he consistently opposed the romanticists, refusing to St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas church was built in 1292; and the Roman Catholic give his See also:

• VOTE

vote to See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo . In spite of this, he has some St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary church was built in 1363 by the first See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German settlers. pretensions to be considered the earliest of the romantic school . The town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall (1828–1837) with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 250 ft. high is situated His Christophe See also:

• COLOMB, PHILIP HOWARD (1831-1899)

Colomb (1809), advertised on the playbill as a in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a square: Also notable are the hall of the comedie shakespirienne (sic), represented the interior of a See also:

• SHIP

ship, estates (18777–1881), the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial museum, the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the and showed no respect for the unities . Its numerous innovations See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Roman Catholic See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop and several educational provoked such violent disturbances in the See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience that one establishments . There are many beautiful private buildings, See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person was killed and future representations had to be guarded broad and well-paved streets, numerous squares and public by the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police . Lemercier wrote four See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and ambitious epic gardens . At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the educational institutions stands the poems: Homere, See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre (18o1), L'Atlantiade, ou la theogonie university, founded in 1784 by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II., transformed into a newtonienne (1812) and Moise (1823), as well as an extraordinary lycee in 1803, and restored and reorganized in 1817 .

Since 1871 Panhypocrisiade (1819–1832), a distinctly romantic See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of instruction has been See also:

• POLISH

Polish, and in 1901 the in twenty cantos, which has the sub-See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Spectacle infernal du university had fro lecturers, and was attended by 2060 students . X VP siecle . In it 16th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• HISTORY

history, with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. and There are also a See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic, gymnasia—for Poles, Ruthenians See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. as See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal personages, is played out on an imaginary and Germans respectively—seminaries for priests, training See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage by demons in the intervals of their sufferings . Lemercier colleges for teachers, and other See also:

• SPECIAL

special and technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools. died on the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1840 in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . In Lemberg is the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute founded by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Ossolinski, See also:

• LEMERY

LEMERY, See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

NICOLAS (1645–1715), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at which contains a library of books and See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts See also:

• RELATING

relating See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen on the 17th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1645 . After learning See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy chiefly to the history and literature of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, valuable See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti- in his native town he became a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of C . See also:

• GLASER, CHRISTOPHER

Glaser's in Paris, and quarian and scientific collections, and a See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment; then went to See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, where he began to lecture on See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry. also the Dzieduszycki museum with collections of natural He next established a pharmacy in Paris, still continuing his history and ethnography relating chiefly to Galicia . Industrially lectures, but in 1683, being a Calvinist, he was obliged to retire and commercially Lemberg is the most important city in Galicia, to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year he returned to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and its See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries including the manufacture of machinery and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron turning Catholic in 1686 was able to reopen his See also:

• SHOP

shop and resume wares, matches, stearin candles and See also:

• NAPHTHA

naphtha, arrack and See also:

• LIQUEURS

liqueurs, his lectures . He died in Paris on the 19th of June 1715 . Lemery See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, See also:

• CHICORY

chicory, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and See also:

• PLASTER

plaster of Paris, as well as See also:

• BREWING

brewing, did not concern himself much with theoretical speculations, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn-milling and See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile making . It has important I but holding chemistry to be a See also:

• DEMONSTRATIVE

demonstrative See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, confined See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce in See also:

• LINEN

linen, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and seeds, and a considerable I himself to the straightforward exposition of facts and experiments. transit See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade .

Of the well-wooded hills which surround Lemberg, In consequence, his lecture-See also:

• ROOM

room was thronged with See also:

• PEOPLE

people of all sorts, anxious to hear a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who shunned the barren obscurities of the alchemists, and did not regard the quest of the philosopher's See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and the See also:

• ELIXIR (from the Arabic al-iksir, probably an adaptation of the Gr. Eilpiov, a powder used for drying wounds, from Opbs, dry)

elixir of See also:

• LIFE

life as the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole end of his science . Of his Cours de chymie (1675) he lived to see 13 See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, and for a century it maintained its reputation as a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work . His other publications included Pharmacopee universelle (1697), Traite universel See also:

• DES

des drogues simples (1698), Traite de l'antimoine (1707), together with a number of papers contributed the most important is the See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz-Josef-See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg to the N.E., with an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 1310 ft . Several beautiful parks have been laid out on this See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill . Leopolis was founded about 1259 by the Ruthenian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo Danilowicz, who moved here his residence from See also:

• HALICZ

Halicz in 1270 . From Casimir the See also:

• GREAT

Great, who captured it in 1340, it received the See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg rights, and for almost two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years the public records were kept in German . In 1412 it became the see of a Roman Catholic archbishopric, and from 1432 until to the French Academy, one of which offered a chemical and 1772 it was the capital of the Polish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Reussen (Terra See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical explanation of underground fires, earthquakes, See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning and See also:

• THUNDER

thunder . He discovered that See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is evolved when iron filings and See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur are rubbed together to a See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste with See also:

• WATER

water, and the artificial volcan de Lemery was produced by burying underground a considerable quantity of this mixture, which he regarded as a potent See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent in the See also:

• CAUSATION

causation of volcanic See also:

• ACTION

action . His son Lours (1677–1743) was appointed physician at the Hotel Dieu in 1710, and became demonstrator of chemistry at the Jardin du Roi in 1731 . He was the author of a Traite des aliments (1702), and of a Dissertation sur la nature des os (1704), as well as of a number of papers on chemical topics .