See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. See also:

• LENZ, JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD (1751-1792)

Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root as " See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")  , in the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting preparatory to the festival of See also:

• EASTER

Easter . As this fast falls in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• YEAR

year, it became confused with the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and gradually the word See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent, which originally meant See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, was confined to this use . The Latin name for the fast, Quadragesima (whence Ital. quaresima, Span. cuaresma and Fr. care^me), and its Gr. See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent Ts apaKOVri1 (now superseded by the See also:

• TERM

term .rl See also:

• MIN

min-eta " the fast "), are derived from the See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday which was the fortieth See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day before Easter, as Quinquagesima and Sexagesima are the fiftieth and sixtieth, Quadragesima being until the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the caput jejunii or first day of the fast . The length of this fast and the rigour with which it has been observed have varied greatly at different times and in different countries (see FASTING) . In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus the fast before Easter was very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, but very severe; thus some See also:

• ATE

ate nothing for See also:

• FORTY

forty See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours between the afternoon of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday and the See also:

• MORNING

morning of Easter . This was the only authoritatively prescribed fast known to See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian (De jejunio, 2, 13, 14; De or otiose, r8) . In See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 3rd century it was already ' M von Rohr, Zeitschr. See also:

• FAIR

fair Sinnesphysiologie (1907), xli . 408-429 . FE C See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

EA D customary to fast during See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

Week; and earlier still the days of See also:

• ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of proclamations and statutes . Montanists boasted that they observed a two See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks' fast instead of one . Of the Lenten fast or Quadragesima, the first mention is in the fifth See also:

• CANON

canon of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea (325), and from this time it is frequently referred to, but chiefly as a season of preparation for See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism, of See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution of penitents or of See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat and recollection . In this season fasting played a part, but it was not universally nor rigorously enforced .

At See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, for instance, the whole period of fasting was but three weeks, according to the historian See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates (Hist. eccl. v . 22), these three weeks, in Mgr . See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, being not continuous but, following the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, broken by intervals . Gradually, however, the fast as observed in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West became more rigorously defined . In the East, where after the example of the Church of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch the Quadragesima fast had been kept distinct from that of Holy Week, the whole fast came to last for seven weeks, both Saturdays and Sundays (except Holy Saturday) being, however, excluded . In Rome and Alexandria, and even in See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, Holy Week was included in Lent and the whole fast lasted but six weeks, Saturdays, however, not being exempt . Both at Rome and See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, therefore, the actual fast was but See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-six days . Some Churches still continued the three weeks' fast, but by the middle of the 5th century most of these divergences had ceased and the usages of Antioch-Constantinople and Rome-Alexandria had become stereotyped in their respective See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . The thirty-six days, as forming a tenth part of the year and therefore a perfect number, at first found a wide See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance (so See also:

• CASSIANUS, JOANNES EREMITA, or JOANNES

Cassianus, See also:

• COLL

Coll. xxi . 30); but the inconsistency of this period with the name Quadragesima, and with the forty days' fast of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, came to be noted, and early in the 7th century four days were added, by what See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope is unknown, Lent in the West beginning henceforth on Ash Wednesday (q.v.) . About the same time the See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of See also:

• PASCHAL (Paschalis)

paschal solemnities was extended to the ninth week before Easter by the institution of stational masses for Septuagesima, Sexagesima and Quinquagesima Sundays . At Constantinople, too, three - Sundays were added and associated with the Easter festival in the same way as the Sundays in Lent proper .

These three Sundays were added in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church also, and the See also:

• PRESENT

present custom of keeping an eight weeks' fast (i.e. exactly 8X5 days), now universal in the Eastern Church, originated in the 7th century . The Greek Lent begins on the See also:

• MONDAY (in O.E. Monandaeg, the moon's day, a translation of the Late Lat. Lunae dies, from which the French lundi is taken)

Monday of Sexagesima, with a week of preparatory fasting; known as Tupod)ayla, or the " See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter-week "; the actual fast, however, starts on the Monday of Quinquagesima (Estomihi), this week being known as " the first week of the fast " (E(3Sogas rwv vrlvrea7w) . The period of Lent is still described as " the six weeks of the fast " (E% i3&opA&c TWV V1]UTEIWV), Holy Week (i7 &See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida Kai geyakrl 05ogas) not being reckoned in . The Lenten fast was retained at the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation in some of the reformed Churches, and is still observed in the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican and Lutheran communions . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England a Lenten fast was first ordered to be observed by Earconberht, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent (64o-664) . In the middle ages, See also:

• MEAT

meat, eggs and See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk were forbidden in Lent not only by ecclesiastical but by See also:

• STATUTE

statute See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; and this See also:

• RULE

rule was enforced until the reign of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Lenten See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food from the earliest days was See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, and entries in the royal See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household accounts of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. show the amount of fish supplied to the king . See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

Herring-pies were a See also:

• GREAT

great delicacy . Charters granted to seaports often stipulated that the See also:

• TOWN

town should send so many See also:

• HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

herrings or other fish to the king annually during Lent . How severely strict See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval abstinence was may be gauged from the fact that armies and garrisons were sometimes, in See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of dispensations, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans in 1429, reduced to See also:

• STARVATION

starvation for want of Lenten food, though in full See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of meat and other supplies . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle of the Herrings (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1429) was fought in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of a See also:

• CONVOY

convoy of Lenten food to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army besieging Orleans . Dispensations from fasting were, however, given in case of illness .

During the religious confusion of the Reformation, the practice of fasting was generally relaxed and it was found necessary to reassert the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of keeping Lent and the other periods and In these, however, the religious was avowedly subordinate to a See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive, viz. to prevent the ruin of the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, which were the great nursery of English See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen . Thus the statute of 2 and 3 Edward VI., cap . 9 (1549), while inculcating that " due and godly abstinence from flesh is a means to virtue," adds that by the eating of fish much flesh is saved to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country," and that thereby, too, the fishing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is encouraged . The statute, however, would not seem to have had much effect; for in spite of a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth in 156o imposing a See also:

• FINE

fine of Do for each offence on butchers slaughtering animals during Lent, in 1563 See also:

• SIR

Sir William See also:

• CECIL

Cecil, in Notes upon an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act for the Increase of the See also:

• NAVY

Navy, says that " in old times no flesh at all was eaten on fish days; even the king himself could not have license; which was occasion of eating so much fish as now is eaten in flesh upon fish days." The revolt against fish had ruined the fisheries and driven the fishermen to turn pirates, to the great See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal and detriment of the See also:

• REALM

realm . Accordingly, in the session of 1562-1563, Cecil forced upon an unwilling See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament " a politic See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance on fish eating," by which the eating of flesh on fast days was made punishable by a fine of three pounds or three months' imprisonment, one meat dish being allowed on Wednesdays on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that three fish dishes were present on the table . The See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument by which Cecil overcame the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of the parliament is illustrated by a clause which he had meditated adding to the statute, a draft of which in his own See also:

• HANDWRITING

handwriting is preserved: " Because no See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person should misjudge the See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent of the statute," it runs, " which is politicly meant only for the increase of fishermen and mariners, and not for any superstition for choice of meats; whoever shall preach or See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach that eating of fish or forbearing of flesh is for the saving of the soul of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, or for the service of See also:

• GOD

God, shall be punished as the spreader of false See also:

• NEWS

news " (Dom . See also:

• MSS

MSS., Elizabeth, vol. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii.) . But in spite of statutes and proclamations, of occasional severities and of the patriotic example of Queen Elizabeth, the practice of fasting See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell more and more into disuse . Ostentatious avoidance of a fish-See also:

• DIET

diet became, indeed, one of the outward symbols of militant Protestantism among the Puritans . " I have often noted," writes See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor, the See also:

• WATER

water-poet, in his See also:

• JACK

Jack a Lent (162o), " that if any superfluous feasting or gormandizing, paunch-cramming See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly do meet, it is so ordered that it must be either in Lent, upon a Friday, or a fasting: for the meat does not relish well except it be sauced with disobedience and comtempt of authority." The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government continued to struggle against this spirit of See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance; proclamations of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. in 1619 and 1625, and of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. in 1627 and 1631, again commanded abstinence from all flesh during Lent, and the High Church See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the 17th century lent a fresh religious See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction to the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official attitude . So See also:

• LATE

late as 1687, James II. issued a proclamation ordering abstention from meat; but, after the Revolution, the Lenten See also:

• LAWS

laws fell obsolete, though they remained on the statute-See also:

• BOOK

book till repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863 . But during the 18th century, though the strict observance of the Lenten fast was generally abandoned, it was still observed and inculcated by the more See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, such as William Law and John See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley; and the custom of See also:

• WOMEN

women wearing See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning in Lent, which had been followed by Queen Elizabeth and her See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, survived until well into the loth century .

With the growth of the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Movement in the English Church, the practice of observing Lent was revived; and, though no rules for fasting are authoritatively laid down, the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of abstinence is now very generally inculcated by bishops and clergy, either as a discipline or as an exercise in self-denial . For the more " advanced " Churches, Lenten practice tends to conform to that of the pre-Reformation Church . See also:

• MID

Mid-Lent, or the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth Sunday in Lent, was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long known as Mothering Sunday, in allusion to the custom for girls in service to be allowed a See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday on that day to visit their parents . They usually took as a present for their See also:

• MOTHER

mother a small cake known as a See also:

• SIMNEL, LAMBERT

simnel . In shape it resembled a pork-See also:

• PIE

pie but in materials it was a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• PLUM

plum-See also:

• PUDDING

pudding . The word is derived through M . See also:

• LAT

Lat. simenellus, simella, from Lat. simila, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat See also:

• FLOUR

flour . In See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire simnel cakes are still See also:

• COMMON

common; and at See also:

• USK
• USK, THOMAS (d. 1388)

Usk, See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth, the custom of mothering is still scrupulously observed .