LEPTIS  , the name of two towns in

ancient Africa . The Est, Leptis Magna (Aerrrtsa'yva), the modern Lebda, was in Tripolitana between Tripolis and Mesrata at the mouth of the Cinyps; the second, Leptis Parva (Abrres i1 j.ucpa), known also as Leptiminus or Leptis minor, the modern Lamta, was a small harbour of Byzacena between Ruspina (Monastir) and Thapsus (Dimas) . I . LEPTIS MAGNA was one of the oldest and most flourishing of the Phoenician emporia established on the coasts of the greater Syrtis, the chief commercial entrepot for the interior of the African continent . It was founded by the Sidonians (Sallust, Jug . 78) who were joined later by people of Tyre (Pliny, Hist . Nat. v . 17) . Herodotus enlarges on the fertility of its territory (iv . 175, V . 42) . It was tributary to Carthage to which it paid a contribution of a talent a day (Livy xxxiv .

62) . After the Second Punic

War Massinissa made himself master of it (Sallust, Jug . 78; Livy xxxiv . 62; Appian viii . Io6) . During the Jugurthine War it appealed for protection to Rome (Sallust, Jug . 78) . Though captured and plundered by Juba, it maintained its allegiance to Rome, supported the senatorial cause, received Cato the younger with the remains of the Pompeian forces after Pharsalus 48 B.C . After his victory Julius Caesar imposed upon it an annual contribution of 300,000 measures of oil . Nevertheless, it preserved its position as a free city governed by its own magistrates (C.I.L. viii . 7) . It received the title of municipium (C.I.L. viii .

8), and was subsequently made a colonic by

Trajan (C.I.L. viii . Io) . Septimius Severus, who was born there, beautified the place and conferred upon it the Ius Italicum . Leptis Magna was the limit of the Roman state, the last station of the limes Tripolitanus; hence, especially during the last centuries of the Empire, it suffered much from the Nomads of the desert, the Garamantes, the Austuriani and the Levathae (Ammian . Marc. xxviii . 6; Procop . De Aedif. vi . 4) . Its commerce declined and its harbour silted up . Justinian made a vain attempt to rebuild it (Procop. ibid . ; Ch . Diehl, L'Afrique byzantine, p .

388) . It was the seat of a bishopric, but no mention is made of its bishops after 462 . Leptis Magna had a citadel which protected the commercial city which was generally called Neapolis, the situation of which may be compared with that of Carthage at the

foot of Byrsa . Its ruins are still imposing; remains of ramparts and docks, a theatre, a circus and various buildings of the Roman period still exist . Inscriptions show that the current pronunciation of the name was Lepcis, Lepcitana, instead of Leptis, Leptitana (Tissot, Geogr. comp. de la prov. d'Afrique, ii . 219; Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d'archeologie orientale, vi . 41; COM pies rendus de l'Acad. des Inscr. et B.-Lettres, 1903, p . 333; Cagnat, C.R . Acad., 1905, p . 531) . The coins of Leptis Magna, like the majority of the emporia in the neighbourhood, present a series from the Punic period . They are of bronze with the legend 'Dot, (Lepqi) .

They have on one

side the head of Bacchus, Hercules or Cybele, and on the other various emblems of these deities . From the Roman period we have also coins bearing the heads of Augustus, Livia and Tiberius, which still have the name of the town in Neo-Punic script (Lud . Muller, Numism. de l'anc . Afrique, ii . 3) . The ruins of Leptis Magna have been visited by numerous travellers since the time of Frederick William and Henry William Beechey (Travels, pp . 51 and 74) and Heinrich Barth (Wanderungen, pp . 306, 360) ; they are described by Ch . Tissot (Geogr. comp. ii . 219 et seq.); CI . Perroud, De Syrticis emporiis, p . 33 (Paris, 1881, in 8°); see also a description in the New York journal, The Nation (1877), vol. xxvii .

No . 683 . M . Maier de Mathuisieulx explored the site afresh in 1901; his

account is inserted in the Nouvelles Archives des missions, x . 245-277; cf. vol. xii . See also J . Toutain, " Le Limes Tripolitanus en Tripolitaine," in the Bulletin archeologique du comite des travaux historiques (1905) . 2 . LEPTIS PARVA (Lamta), 71 M. from Monastir, which is often confused by modern writers with Leptis Magna in their interpretations of ancient texts (Tissot, Geogr. comp. ii . 169), was, according to the Tabula Peutingeriana, 18 m. south of Hadrumetum . Evidently Phoenician in origin like Leptis Magna, it was in the Punic period of comparatively slight importance . Nevertheless, it had fortifications, and the French LE PUY, or LE PUY EN VELAY, a town of south-eastern France, capital of the department of Haute-Loire, 90 m .

S.W. of

Lyons on the Paris-Lyon railway . Pop . (1906) town, 17,291; commune, 21, 420 . Le Puy rises in the form of an amphitheatre from a height of 2050 ft. above sea-level upon Mont Anis, a hill that divides the left bank of the Dolezon from the right bank of the Borne (a rapid stream joining the Loire 3 M. below) . From the new town, which lies east and west in the valley of the Dolezon, the traveller ascends the old feudal and ecclesiastical town through narrow steep streets, paved with pebbles of lava, to the cathedral commanded by the fantastic pinnacle of Mont Corneille . Mont Corneille, which is 433 ft. above the Place de Breuil (in the lower town), is a steep rock of volcanic breccia, surmounted by an iron statue of the Virgin (53 ft. high) cast, after a model by Bonassieux, out of guns taken at Sebastopol . Another statue, that of Msgr de Morlhon, bishop of Le Puy, also sculptured by Bonassieux, faces that of the Virgin . From the platform of Mont Corneille a magnificent panoramic view is obtained of the town and of the volcanic mountains, which make this region one of the most interesting parts of France . The Romanesque cathedral (Notre-Dame), dating chiefly from the first half of the 12th century, has a particoloured facade of white sandstone and black volcanic breccia, which is reached by a flight of sixty steps, and consists of three tiers, the lowest composed of three high arcades opening into the porch, which extends beneath the first bays of the nave; above are three windows lighting the nave; and these in turn are surmounted by three gables, two of which, those to the right and the left, are of open work . The staircase continues within the porch, where it divides, leading on the left to the cloister, on the right into the church . The doorway of the south transept is sheltered by a fine Romanesque porch . The isolated bell-tower (184 ft.), which rises behind the choir in seven storeys, is one of the most beautiful examples of the Romanesque transition period .

The bays of the nave are covered in by octagonal cupolas, the central

cupola forming a lantern . The choir and transepts are barrel-vaulted . Much veneration is paid to a small image of the Virgin on the high altar, a modern copy of the medieval image destroyed at the Revolution . The cloister, to the north of the choir, is striking, owing to its variously-coloured materials and elegant shafts . Viollet-le-Duc considered one of its galleries to belong to the oldest known type of cathedral cloister (8th or 9th century) . Connected with the cloister are remains of fortifications of the 13th century, by which it was separated from the rest of the city . Near the cathedral the baptistery of St John (11th century), built on the foundations of a Roman building, is surrounded by walls and numerous remains of the period, partly uncovered by excavations . The church of St Lawrence (14th century) contains the tomb and statue of Bertrand du Guesclin, whose ashes were afterwards carried to St Denis . Le Puy possesses fragmentary remains of its old line of fortifications, among them a machicolated tower, which has been restored, and a few curious old houses dating from the 12th to the 17th century . In front of the hospital there is a fine medieval porch under which a street passes . Of the modern monuments the statue of Marie Joseph Paul, marquis of La Fayette, and a fountain in the Place de Breuil, executed in marble, bronze and syenite, may be specially mentioned . The museum, named after Charles Crozatier, a native sculptor and metal-worker to whose munificence it principally owes its existence, contains antiquities, engravings a collection of lace, and ethnographical and natural history collections .

Among the curiosities of Le Puy should be noted the church of St

Michel d'Aiguilhe, beside the gate of the town, perched on an isolated rock like Mont Corneille, the top of which is reached by a staircase of 271 steps . The church dates from the end of the loth century and its chancel is still older . The steeple is of the same type as that of the cathedral . Three miles from Le Puy are the ruins of the Chateau de Polignac, one of the most important feudal strongholds of France . Le Puy is the seat of a bishopric, a prefect and a court of assizes, and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a board of trade arbitration, a chamber of commerce, and a branch of the Bank of France . Its educational institutions include ecclesiastical seminaries, lycees and training colleges for both sexes and municipal industrial schools of drawing, architecture and mathematics applied to arts and industries . The principal manufacture is that of lace and guipure (in woollen, linen, cotton, silk and gold and silver threads), and distilling, leather-dressing, malting and the manufacture of chocolate and cloth are carried on . Cattle, woollens, grain and vegetables are the chief articles of trade . It is not known whether Le Puy existed previously to the Roman invasion . Towards the end of the 4th or beginning of the 5th century it became the capital of the country of the Vellavi, at which period the bishopric, originally at Revession, now St Paulien, was transferred hither . Gregory of Tours speaks of it by the name of Anicium, because a chapel " ad Deum " had been built on the mountain, whence the name of Mont Adidon or Anis, which it still retains . In the loth century it was called Podium Sanctae Mariae, whence Le Puy .

In the

middle ages there was a double enclosure, one for the cloister, the other for the town . The sanctuary of Notre Dame was much frequented by pilgrims, and the city grew famous and populous . Rivalries between the bishops who held directly of the see of Rome and had the right of coining money, and the lords of Polignac, revolts of the town against the royal authority, and the encroachments of the feudal superiors on municipal prerogatives often disturbed the quiet of the town . The Saracens in the 8th century, the Routiers in the 12th, the English in the 14th, the Burgundians in the 15th, successively ravaged the neighbourhood . I,e Puy sent the flower of its chivalry to the Crusades in 1096, and Raymond d'Aiguille, called d'Agiles, one of its sons, was their historian . Many councils and various assemblies of the states of Languedoc met within its walls; popes and sovereigns, among the latter Charlemagne and Francis I., visited its sanctuary . Pestilence and the religious wars put an end to its prosperity . Long occupied by the Leaguers, it did not submit to Henry IV. until many years after his accession .