See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE OF FRANCISCO DE SANDOVAL Y ROJAS See also:

• DUKE OF FRANCISCO DE SANDOVAL Y ROJAS LERMA (1552–1625)

LERMA (1552–1625)  , See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1552 . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of thirteen he entered the royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace as a See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page . The See also:

• FAMILY

family of Sandoval was See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and powerful, but under See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II . (1556–1J98) the nobles, with the exception of a few who held viceroyalties or commanded armies abroad, had little See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The future See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LERMA, FRANCISCO DE SANDOVAL Y ROJAS, DUKE OF (1552–1625)

Lerma, who was by descent See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of See also:

• DENIA

Denia, passed his See also:

• LIFE

life as a courtier, and possessed no See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power till the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Philip III. in 1598 . He had already made himself a favourite with the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, and was in fact one of the incapable men who, as the dying See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Philip II. fore-saw, were likely to mislead the new See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . The old king's fears were fully justified . No sooner was Philip III. king than he entrusted all authority to his favourite, whom he created duke of . Lerma in 1599 and on whom he lavished an immense See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of offices and grants . The favour of Lerma lasted for twenty years, till it was destroyed by a palace intrigue carried out by his own son . Philip III. not only entrusted the entire direction of his government to Lerma, but authorized him to affix the royal See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature to documents, and to take whatever presents were made to him . No royal favourite was ever more amply trusted, or made a worse use of power .

At a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was practically bankrupt, he encouraged the king in extravagance, and accumulated for himself a See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune estimated by contemporaries at See also:

• FORTY

forty-four millions of ducats . Lerma was pious withal, spending largely on religious houses, and he carried out the ruinous See also:

• MEASURES

measures for the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Moriscoes in 1610—a policy which secured him the admiration of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and was popular with the macs of the nation . He persisted in' costly anduseless hostilities with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England till, in 1604, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain was forced by exhaustion to make See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and he used all his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence against a recognition of the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries . The See also:

• FLEET

fleet was neglected, the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army reduced to a remnant, and the finances ruined beyond recovery . His only resources as a See also:

• FINANCE

finance minister were the debasing of the coinage, and foolish edicts against luxury and the making of See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• PLATE

plate . Yet it is probable that he would never have lost the confidence of Philip III., who divided his life between festivals and prayers, but for the domestic treachery of his son, the duke of Uceda, who combined with the king's See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor, See also:

• ALIAGA

Aliaga, whom Lerma had introduced to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, to turn him out . After a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long intrigue in which the king was all but entirely dumb and passive, Lerma was at last compelled to leave the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, on the 4th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1618 . As a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, and as a means of retaining some measure of power in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from favour, he had persuaded See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul V. to create him See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, in the See also:

• YEAR

year of his fall . He retired to the See also:

• TOWN

town of Lerma in Old See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, where he had built himself a splendid palace, and then to See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid . Under the reign of Philip IV., which began in 1621 he was despoiled of See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, and he died in 1625 . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of Lerma's See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office is in vol. xv. of the Historia See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General de Espana of Modesto Lafuente (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1855)—with references to contemporary authorities .