See also:

• LES

LES BAUX  , a See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Bouches-du-See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone, 11 m . N.E. of See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles by road . Pop . (Igoe) III . See also:

• LES

Les Baux, which in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages was a flourishing See also:

• TOWN

town, is now almost deserted . Apart from a few inhabited dwellings, it consists of an assemblage of ruined towers, fallen walls and other debris, which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the slope of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill crowned by the remains of a huge See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau, once the seat of a celebrated "See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of love." The ramparts, a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, the chateau, parts of which date to the Ilth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and many of the dwellings are, in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part, hollowed out of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white friable See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone on See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Although the position of See also:

• LESBOS (Mytilene, Turk. Midullu)

Lesbos near the old-established See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-route to the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont marks it out as an important site even in pre-historic days, no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence on the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island is as yet obtainable, beyond the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek tradition which represented it at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Trojan See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War as inhabited by an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original stock of Pelasgi and an immigrant See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians . In historic times it was peopled by an " Aeolian " See also:

• RACE

race who reckoned See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia as their motherland and claimed to have migrated about 1050 B.c.; its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal nobles traced their See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree to See also:

• ORESTES

Orestes, son of See also:

• AGAMEMNON

Agamemnon . Lesbos was the most prominent of Aeolian settlements, and indeed played a large part in the early development of Greek See also:

• LIFE

life . Its commercial activity is attested by several colonies in See also:

• THRACE

Thrace and the See also:

• TROAD, CERAMICS, PLATE

Troad, and by the participation of its traders in the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of See also:

• NAUCRATIS

Naucratis in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt; hence also the town of Mytilene, by virtue of its See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, became the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the island . The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax of its prosperity was reached about 600 B.C., when a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen named See also:

• PITTACUS

Pittacus was appointed as aesymnetes (See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator) to adjust the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance between the governing See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and the insurgent See also:

• COMMONS

commons and by his See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and legislation won a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among the Seven Sages of See also:

• GREECE

Greece . These years also constitute the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Lesbian culture . The lyric See also:

• POETRY

poetry of Greece, which owed much to two Lesbians of the 7th century, the musician See also:

• TERPANDER

Terpander and the dithyrambist See also:

• ARION

Arion, attained the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of classical excellence under Pittacus' contemporaries See also:

• ALCAEUS (Ar earos)

Alcaeus and See also:

• SAPPHO (7th–6th centuries B.C.)

Sappho .

In the 6th century the importance of the island declined, partly through a protracted and unsuccessful struggle with See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Sigeum near the Hellespont, partly through a crushing See also:

• NAVAL

naval defeat inflicted by See also:

• POLYCRATES

Polycrates of See also:

• SAMOS

Samos (about 55o) . The Lesbians readily submitted to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia after the fall of See also:

• CROESUS

Croesus of See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia, and although hatred of their See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant Coes, a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian protege, drove them to take part in the Ionic revolt (499-493), they made little use of their large See also:

• NAVY

navy and displayed poor spirit at the decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Lade . In the 5th century Lesbos for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time remained a privileged member of the Delian See also:

• LEAGUE

League (q.v.), with full rights of self-administration, and under the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of assisting Athens with naval contingents . Nevertheless at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War the ruling See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy of Mytilene forced on a revolt, which was ended after a two years' See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of that town (429-427) . The Athenians, who had intended to punish the rebels by a wholesale See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution, contented themselves with killing the ringleaders, confiscating the See also:

• LAND

land and establishing a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison . In the later years of the war Lesbos was repeatedly attacked by the Peloponnesians, and in 405 the harbour of Mytilene was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of a battle between the admirals Catlicratidas and See also:

• CONON

Conon . In 389 most of the island was recovered for the Athenians by See also:

• THRASYBULUS

Thrasybulus; in 377 it joined the Second Delian League, and remained through-out a loyal member, although in the second See also:

• HALF

half of the century the dominant See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy was for a while supplanted by a tyranny . In 334 Lesbos served as a See also:

• BASE

base for the Persian See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral See also:

• MEMNON

Memnon against See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Great . During the Third Macedonian War the Lesbians sided with See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus against See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; similarly in 88 they became eager See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of 1Vlithradates VI. of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, and Mytilene stood a protracted siege on his behalf . This town, nevertheless, was raised by See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey to the status of a See also:

• FREE

free community, thanks no doubt to his confidant See also:

• THEOPHANES

Theophanes, a native of Mytilene . Of the other towns on the island, Antissa, Eresus and Pyrrha possess no See also:

• SEPARATE

separate history . Methymna in the 5th and 4th centuries sometimes figures as a See also:

• RIVAL

rival of Mytilene, with an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent policy .

Among the distinguished Lesbians, in addition to those cited, may be mentioned the cyclic poet See also:

• LESCHES (Lescheos in Pausanias x. 25. 5)

Lesches, the historian See also:

• HELLANICUS

Hellanicus and the philosophers See also:

• THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus and See also:

• CRATIPPUS
• CRATIPPUS (fl. c. 375 B.c.)

Cratippus . During the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine, age the island, which now assumes the name of Mytilene, continued to flourish . In 1091 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell for a while into the hands of the Seijuks, and in the following century was repeatedly occupied by the Venetians . In 1224 it was recovered by the Byzantine emperors, who in 1354 gave it as a See also:

• DOWRY (in Anglo-Fr. dowarie, O. Fr. douaire, Med. Lat. dotaria, from Lat. dos; from root of dare, to give; in Fr. dot)

dowry to the Genoese See also:

• FAMILY

family Gattilusio . After prospering under which they stand . Here and there may be found houses preserving carved facades of See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance workmanship . Les Baux has given its name to the reddish See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock (See also:

• BAUXITE

bauxite) which is plentiful in the neighbourhood and from which See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium is obtained . In the middle ages Les Baux was the seat of a powerful family which owned the Terre Baussenques, extensive domains in See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence and See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the seigneurs de Baux in Provence declined before the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou, to which they abandoned many of their possessions . In 1632 the chateau and the ramparts were dismantled .