URBAIN See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• URBAIN JEAN JOSEPH LEVERRIER (1811—1877)

LEVERRIER (1811—1877)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French astronomer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at St L6 in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy on the 11th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1811 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, who held a small See also:

• POST

post under See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, made See also:

• GREAT

great efforts to send him to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where a brilliant examination gained him, in 1831, admittance to the Ecole Polytechnique . The distinction of his career there was rewarded with a See also:

• FREE

free choice amongst the departments of the public service open to pupils of the school . He selected the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of tobaccos, addressing himself especially to chemical researches under the guidance of See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay-Lussac, and gave striking See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of ability in two papers on the combinations of See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus with See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen and See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen, published in Annales de Chimie et de Physique (1835 and 1837) . His astronomical vocation, like that of See also:

• KEPLER, JOHANN (1571-1630)

Kepler, came from without . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of teacher of that See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science at the 1 See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

cole Polytechnique falling vacant in 1837, it was offered to and accepted by See also:

• LEVERRIER, URBAIN JEAN JOSEPH (1811—1877)

Leverrier, who, " docile to circumstance," instantly abandoned See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, and directed the whole of his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics . The first fruits of his labours were contained in two See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs presented to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 16 and See also:

• OCTOBER

October 14, 1839 . Pursuing the investigations of See also:

• LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON, MARQUIS DE (1749—1827)

Laplace, he demonstrated with greater rigour the stability of the See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and calculated the limits withia which the eccentricities and inclinations of the planetary orbits vary . This remarkable debut excited much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and, on the recommendation of See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois See also:

• ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS JEAN (1786-1853)

Arago, he took in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the theory of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury, producing, in 1843, vastly improved tables of that See also:

• PLANET (Gr. ssXavirrns, a wanderer)

planet . The perturbations of the comets discovered, the one by H . A . E .

A . Faye in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1843, the other by See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco de See also:

• VICO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1668-1744)

Vico a See also:

• YEAR

year later, were minutely investigated by Leverrier, with the result of disproving the supposed identity of the first with Lexell's lost See also:

• COMET (Gr. Koµieiis, long-haired)

comet of 1770, and of the other with Tycho's of 1585 . On the other hand, he made it appear all but certain that Vico's comet was the same with one seen by Philippe de See also:

• LAHIRE, LAURENT DE (1606-1656)

Lahire in 1678 . Recalled once more, by the See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons of Arago, to planetary studies, he was this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time invited to turn his attention to See also:

• URANUS
• URANUS (Heaven)

Uranus . Step by step, with sagacious and patient accuracy, he advanced to the great See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery which has immortalized his name . Carefully sifting all the known causes of disturbance, he showed that one previously unknown had to be reckoned with, and on the 23rd of September 1846 the planet See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune was discerned by J . G . See also:

• GALLE, or POINT DE GALLE

Galle (d . 191o) at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, within one degree of the spot Leverrier had indicated (see NEPTUNE) . This memorable achievement was greeted with an outburst of public See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . See also:

• ACADEMIES

Academies vied with each other in en-See also:

• ROLLING

rolling Leverrier among their members; the Royal Society awarded him the See also:

• COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON (1737—1815)

Copley See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal; the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark sent him the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Dannebrog; he was named officer in the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour, and See also:

• PRECEPTOR

preceptor to the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Paris; a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy was created for his benefit at the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

Faculty of Sciences; he was appointed See also:

• ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct astronomer to the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of Longitudes . Returned to the Legislative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly in 1849 by his native See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• MANCHE

Manche, he voted with the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-republicanparty, but devoted his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal attention to subjects connected with science and See also:

• EDUCATION

education .

After the coup d'etat of 1851 he became a senator and inspector-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior instruction, sat upon the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission for the reform of the 1cole Poly-technique (1854), and, on the 3oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 18J4, succeeded Arago as director of the Paris See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory . His See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• WORK

work in the latter capacity would alone have strained the energies of an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . The institution had fallen into a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of lament-able inefficiency . Leverrier placed it on a totally new footing, freed it from the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Bureau of Longitudes, and raised it to its due See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the observatories of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . He did not See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of reformers . His uncompromising See also:

• MEASURES

measures and unconciliatory manner of enforcing them raised a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm only appeased by his removal on the 5th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 187o . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his successor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene See also:

• DELAUNAY, ELIE (1828-1891)
• DELAUNAY, LOUIS ARSENE (1826-1903)

Delaunay (1816—1872), he was reinstated by See also:

• THIERS

Thiers, but with authority restricted by the supervision of a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . In the midst of these disquietudes, he executed a task of gigantic proportions . This was nothing less than the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete revision cf the planetary theories, followed by a laborious comparison of results with the most See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic observations, and the construction of tables representing the movements thus corrected . It required all his indomitable perseverance to carry through a purpose which failing See also:

• HEALTH

health continually menaced with frustration . He had, however, the happiness of living See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough to perfect his work . Three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after he had affixed his See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature to the printed sheets of the theory of Neptune he died at Paris on the 23rd of September 1877 .

By his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Mademoiselle Choquet, who survived him little more than a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, he See also:

• LEFT

left a son and daughter . The discovery with which Leverrier's name is popularly identified was only an incident in his career . The elaboration of the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the heavens traced out by P . S . Laplace in the Mecanique See also:

• CELESTE, MADAME (1815–1882)

celeste was its larger aim, for the accomplishment of which See also:

• FORTY

forty years of unremitting See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry barely sufficed . He nevertheless found time to organize the meteorological service in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and to promote the See also:

• PRESENT

present system of See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather-warnings . He founded the Association Scientifique, and was active in introducing a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical scientific See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element into public education . His inference of the existence, between Mercury and the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, of an appreciable quantity of circulating See also:

• MATTER

matter (Comptes rendus, 1859, ii . 379), has not yet been verified . He was twice, in 1868 and 1876, the recipient of the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, See also:

• LONDON

London, and the university of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge conferred upon him, in 1875, the honorary degree of LL.D . His planetary and solar tables were adopted by the Nautical See also:

• ALMANAC

Almanac, as well as by the Connaissance See also:

• DES

des temps . The Annales de l'Observatoire de Paris, the publication of which was set on See also:

• FOOT

foot by Leverrier, contain, in vols. i.-vi .

(Memoires) (1855–1861) and x.-xiv . (1874–1877), his theories and tables of the several See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets . In vol. i. will be found, besides his masterly See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the observatory, a general theory of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular inequalities, in which the development of the disturbing See also:

• FUNCTION

function was carried further than had previously been attempted . The memoirs and papers communicated by him to the Academy were summarized in Comptes rendus (1839–1876), and the more important published in full either separately or in the See also:

• CONN
• CONN, LOUGH

Conn. des temps and the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal des mathematiques . That entitled Developpemens sur di4'erents points de la theorie des perturbations (1841), was translated in See also:

• PART

part xviii. of See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor's Scientific Memoirs . For his scientific work see See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams's address, Monthly Notices, See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 232, and F . See also:

• TISSERAND, FRANCOIS FELIX (1845-1896)

Tisserand's See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review in See also:

• ANN

Ann. de l'Obs. tom. xv . (188o) ; for a See also:

• NOTICE

notice of his See also:

• LIFE

life, J . See also:

• BERTRAND, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE (1773-1844)

Bertrand's " Eloge historique," Mem. de l'Ac. des Sciences, tom. xli., 2m' serie (A . M .