See also:

• LHASA (LIIASSA, LASSA, " God's ground ")

LHASA (LIIASSA, LASSA, " See also:

• GOD

God's ground ")  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet . It lies in 29° 39' N., 91° 5' E., 11,830 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . Owing to the inaccessibility of Tibet and the See also:

• POLITICAL

political and religious exclusiveness of the lamas, See also:

• LHASA (LIIASSA, LASSA, " God's ground ")

Lhasa was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long closed to See also:

• EUROPEAN

European travellers, all of whom during the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century were stopped in their attempts to reach it . It was popularly known as the " Forbidden See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City." But its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief features were known by the accounts of the earlier Romish missionaries who visited it and by the investigations, in See also:

• MODERN

modern times, of native See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret explorers, and others, and the See also:

• BRITISH

British armed See also:

• MISSION

mission of 1904 (see TIBET) . Site and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Aspect.—The city stands in a tolerably level See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, which is surrounded on all sides by hills . Along its Modern construction, High tension condensers . See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, about z m. See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Lhasa, runs a considerable See also:

• RIVER

river called the Kyichu (Ki-chu) or Kyi, flowing here from E.N.E., and joining the See also:

• GREAT

great Tsangpo (or upper course of the See also:

• BRAHMAPUTRA

Brahmaputra) some 38 M. to the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . The hills See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the city are barren . The plain, however, is fertile, though in parts marshy . There are gardens scattered over it round the city, and these are planted with See also:

• FINE

fine trees . The city is screened from view from the west by a rocky See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, lofty and narrow, with summits at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and south, the one flanked and crowned by the majestic buildings of Potala, the chief See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Dalai lama, the other by the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . Groves, gardens and open ground intervene between this ridge and the city itself for a distance of about r m .

A See also:

• GATE

gate through the centre of the ridge gives See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access from the west; the road thence to the north See also:

• PART

part of the city throws off a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch to the Yutok sampa or See also:

• TURQUOISE

turquoise-tiled covered See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, one of the noted features of Lhasa, which crosses a former channel of the Kyi, and carries the road to the centre of the See also:

• TOWN

town . The city is nearly circular in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and less than 1 m. in dia- See also:

• METER, ELECTRIC

meter . It was walled in the latter part of the 17th century, but the walls were destroyed during the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese occupation in 1722 . The chief streets are fairly straight, but generally of no great width . There is no paving or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, nor any drainage See also:

• SYSTEM

system, so that the streets are dirty and in parts often flooded . The inferior quarters are unspeakably filthy, and are rife with evil smells and large mangy See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and pigs . Many of the houses are of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-dried See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, but those of the richer See also:

• PEOPLE

people are of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and brick . All are frequently See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-washed, the doors and windows being framed in bands of red and yellow . In the suburbs there are houses entirely built of the horns of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and oxen set in clay See also:

• MORTAR

mortar . This construction is in some cases very roughly carried out, but in others it is solid and highly picturesque . Some of the inferior huts of this type are inhabited by the Ragyaba or scavengers, whose chief occupation is that of disposing of corpses according to the practice of cutting and exposing them to the dogs and birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey . The houses generally are of two or three storeys .

Externally the See also:

• LOWER

lower part generally presents dead walls (the ground See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor being occupied by stables and similar apartments); above these rise tiers of large windows with or without projecting balconies, and over all See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat broad-eaved See also:

• ROOFS

roofs at varying levels . In the better houses there are often spacious and well-finished apartments, and the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal halls, the verandahs and terraces are often highly ornamented in brilliant See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours . In every See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house there is a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel or See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine, carved and gilt, on which are set images and sacred books . Temples and Monasteries.—In the centre of the city is an open square which forms the chief See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Here is the great temple The of the " Jo " or See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha, called the Jokhang,t Jokhang regarded as the centre of all Tibet, from which all the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main roads are considered to radiate . This is the great See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary and See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church-centre of Tibet, the St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's or Lateran of See also:

• LAMAISM

Lamaism . It is believed to have been founded by the Tibetan See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, Srong-tsan-gampo, in 652, as the shrine of one of those two very sacred Buddhist images which were associated with his See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion and with the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the civilized See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy in Tibet . The exterior of the See also:

• BUILDING

building is not impressive; it rises little above the level of other buildings which closely surround it, and the effect of its characteristic gilt roof, though conspicuous and striking from afar, is lost See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . The main building of the Jokhang is three storeys high . The entrance consists of a See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico supported on See also:

• TIMBER

timber columns, carved and gilt, while the walls are engraved with Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan characters, and a great See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer-See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel stands on one side . Massive folding doors, ornamented with scrollwork in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to an antehall, and from this a second gate opens into a courtyard surrounded by a See also:

• VERANDAH, or VERANDA

verandah with many pillars and chapels, and frescoes on its walls . On the See also:

• LEFT

left is the See also:

• THRONE

throne of the See also:

• GRAND

grand lama, laid with cushions, together with the seats of other ecclesiastical dignitaries, variously elevated according to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of their occupants .

An inner See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door with enclosed See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule gives access to the quadrangular See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir or See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel, as it may be called, though its centre is open to the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky . On either side of it are three chapels, and at the extremity is the rectangular " See also:

• HOLY

holy of holies," flanked by two gilded images of the See also:

• CORNING
• CORNING, ERASTUS (1794-1872)

corning Buddha, and screened by lattice-See also:

• WORK

work . In it is the shrine on which sits the great See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of Sakya, set about with small ' The name given by Koppen (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die lamaische Kirche, See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1859, p . 74) is " La Brang," by which it is sometimes known.figures, lamps and a variety of offerings, and richly jewelled, though the workmanship of the whole is crude . In the second and third storeys of the temple are shrines and representations of a number of gods and goddesses . The temple contains a vast See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of images, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver vessels, lamps, reliquaries and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious bric-a-brae of every kind . The daily offices are attended by crowds of worshippers, and a sacred way which leads round the main building is constantly traversed by devotees who perform the See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit as a work of merit, always in a particular direction . The temple was found by the members of the British mission who visited it to be exceedingly dirty, and the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere was foul with the fumes of See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter-lamps . Besides the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent-cells, halls of study and magazines of precious See also:

• LUMBER

lumber, buildings grouped about the Jokhang are occupied by the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, e.g. as treasuries, customs See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, &c., and there are also private apartments for the grand lama and other high functionaries . No woman is permitted to pass the See also:

• NIGHT

night within the See also:

• PRECINCT (from Lat. praecingere, to encircle, enclose, surround, prae and cingere, to gird)

precinct . In front of the main entrance to the Jokhang, in the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of a sacred See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, stands a famous See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument, the Dosing monolith, which bears the inscribed See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of a treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace concluded in 822 (or, according to another view, in 783) between the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Tibet and the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• CHINA

China . Before this monument the apostate from Lamaism, Langdharma, See also:

• BROTHER

brother and successor of the last-named king, is said to have been See also:

• STANDING

standing when a fanatic recluse, who had been stirred by a See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision to avenge his persecuted faith, assassinated him .

The famous Potala See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, covered by the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Dalai lama, forms a majestic See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain of building; with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of potula. many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, it is not unlike a fortress in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . At the south See also:

• BASE

base of the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock is a large space enclosed by walls and See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, with great porticoes on the inner side . This swarms with lamas and with beggars . A See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle ascent, leads to the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the rock . The whole width of this is occupied by the palace . The central part of this See also:

• GROUP

group of buildings (for the component parts of Potala are of different See also:

• DATES

dates) rises in a vast quadrangular See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies sirnilar to those on the Jokhang . Here on the lofty See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace is the grand lama's See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade, and from this great height he looks down upon the crowds of his votaries far below . This central member of Potala is called the red palace from its See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, which distinguishes it from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai lamas . There is in these much See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich decorative See also:

• PAINTING

painting, with jewelled work, See also:

• CARVING

carving and other See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament, but the interior of Potala as a whole cannot compare in magnificence with the exterior . Among the numerous other buildings of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note on or near Potala hill, one is distinguished by the Chinese as one of the principal beauties of Lhasa . This is a temple not far from the base of the hill, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake which is surrounded by trees and shrubberies .

This temple, called Lu-kang, is circular in form, with a loggia or portico See also:

• RUNNING

running all round and adorned with paintings . Its name, " the See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent house," comes from the tradition of a serpent or See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon, which dwelt here and must be propitiated lest it should cause the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters to rise and See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood Lhasa . Another great and famous temple is Ramo-che, at the north side of the city . This is also regarded as a foundation of wrong-tsangampo, and is said to contain the See also:

• BODY

body of his Chinese wife and the second of the primeval palladia, the image that she brought with her to the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow-See also:

• LAND

land; whence it is known as the " small Jokhang." This temple is noted for the practice of magical arts . Its buildings are in a neglected See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . Another monastery within the city is that of Moru, also on the north side, remarkable for its See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and cleanliness . Though famous as a school of orthodox magic, it is noted also for the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-house in the convent See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . This convent was the temporary residence of the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent during the visit of the British mission in 1904 . Other monasteries in or near the city are the Tsaino See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling or Chomoling at the north-west corner; the Tangya Ling or Tengyeling at the west of the city; the Kunda Ling or Kundeling about 1 m. west of the city, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low isolated hill called Chapochi . Three See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles south, beyond the river, is the Tsemchog Ling or Tsecholing . These four convents are known as " The Four Ling." From their inmates the Dalai lama's regent, during his minority, was formerly chosen . The temple of medicine, as already stated, crowns the summit (Chagpa) at the end of the ridge west of the city, opposite to that on which stands the Potala .

It is natural that in a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country possessing a religious system like that of Tibet the medical profession should form a branch of the priesthood . " The treatment of disease, though based in some measure upon a judicious use of the commoner See also:

• SIMPLE

simple drugs of the country, is, as was inevitable amongst so superstitious a people, saturated with absurdity " (Waddell, Lhasa and its Mysteries) . The three great monasteries in the vicinity of Lhasa, all claiming to be See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of Tsongkhapa (1356-1418), the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval reformer and organizer of the modern orthodox Lama Church, " the yellow caps," are the following: I . Debung (written 'See also:

• BRAS

Bras spungs) is 6 m. west of Lhasa at the foot of the hills which flank the plain on the north . It is one of the largest monasteries in the See also:

• WORLD

world, having some 8000 monks . In the middle of the convent buildings rises a kind of See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion, brilliant with colour and See also:

• GILDING

gilding, which is occupied by the Dalai Lama when he visits Debung once a See also:

• YEAR

year and expounds to the inmates . The place is frequented by the Mongol students who come to Lhasa to See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate, and is known in the country as the Mongol convent; it has also been notorious as a centre of political intrigue . Near it is the seat of the chief magician of Tibet, the Nachung Chos-kyong, a building picturesque in itself and in situation . 2 . Sera is 3 M. north of the city on the acclivity of the hills and close to the road by which pilgrims enter from See also:

• MONGOLIA

Mongolia . From a distance the See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of buildings and temples, rising in See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre against a background of rocky mountains, forms a pleasing picture . In the recesses of the hill, high above the convent, are scattered cells of lamas adopting the solitary See also:

• LIFE

life .

The chief temple of Sera, a highly ornate building, has a See also:

• SPECIAL

special reputation as the resting-place of a famous Dorje, i.e. the Vajra or Thunderbolt of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter, the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of the strong and indestructible, which the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest grasps and manipulates in various ways during prayer . The See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem is a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument, shaped much like a dumbbell with pointed ends, and it is carried solemnly in procession to the Jokhang during the New Year's festival . The hill adjoining Sera is believed to be rich in silver ore, but it is not allowed to be worked . On the summit is a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and a holy place of the Lhasa Mahommedans, who resort thither . Near the monastery there is said to be gold, which is worked by the monks . " Should they . . . discover a nugget of large See also:

• SIZE

size, it is immediately replaced in the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, under the impression that the large nuggets ... germinate in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, producing the small lumps which they are privileged to See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for " (Nain Singh) . 3 . Galdan.—This great convent is some 25 M. See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Lhasa, on the other side of the Kyichu . It is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest monastery of the Yellow " See also:

• SECT

sect, having been founded by Tsongkhapa and having had him for its first See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior . Here his body is said to be preserved with miraculous circumstances; here is his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and See also:

• MALACHITE

malachite, with a great shrine said to be of gold, and here are other See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of him, such as the impression of his hands and feet . Samye is another famous convent intimately connected with Lhasa, being said to be used as a See also:

• TREASURY

treasury by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but it lies some 36 m. south-east on the left See also:

• BANK

bank of the great Tsangpo .

It was founded in 770, and is the oldest extant monastery in Tibet . It is surrounded by a very high circular stone See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, 11 m. in circumference, with gates facing the four points of the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass . On this wall Nain Singh, who was here on his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey in 1874, counted 1030 votive piles of brick . One very large temple occupies the centre, and round it are four smaller but still large temples . Many of the idols are said to be of pure gold, and the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth is very great . The interiors of the temples are covered with beautiful See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in enormous characters, which the vulgar believe to be the writing of $akya himself . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—The See also:

• TOTAL

total population of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity, is probably about 30,000; a See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census in 1854 made the figure 42,000, but it is known to have greatly decreased since . There are only some 1500 See also:

• RESIDENT

resident Tibetan laymen and about 5500 Tibetan See also:

• WOMEN

women . The permanent population embraces, besides Tibetans, settled families of Chinese (about 2000 persons), as well as people from See also:

• NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal, from Ladak, and a few from Bhotan and Mongolia . The Ladakis and some of the other foreigners are Mahommedans, and much of the trade is in their hands . Desideri (1716) speaks also of Armenians and even " Muscovites." The Chinese have a crowded See also:

• BURIAL

burial-ground at Lhasa, tended carefully after their manner . The Nepalese (about 800) See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics and metal-workers .

There are among them excellent gold- and silversmiths; and they make the elaborate gilded canopies crowning the temples . The chief See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are the See also:

• WEAVING

weaving of a great variety of stuffs from the fine Tibetan See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool; the making of earthenware and of the wooden porringers (varying immensely in elaboration and See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price) of which every Tibetan carries one about with him; also the making of certain fragrant sticks of See also:

• INCENSE

incense much valued in China and elsewhere . As Lhasa is not only the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of a cluster of vast monastic establishments, which attract students and aspirants to the religious life from all parts of Tibet and Mongolia, but is also a great place of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage, the streets and public places swarm with visitors from every part of the Himalayan See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau,' and from all the See also:

• STEPPES

steppes of See also:

• ASIA

Asia between See also:

• MANCHURIA

Manchuria and the Balkhash Lake . Naturally a great See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic arises quite apart from the ' Among articles sold in the Lhasa bazaars are fossil bones, called by the people " See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning bones," and believed to have healing virtues.pilgrimage . The ,city thus swarms with crowds attracted by devotion and the love of gain, and presents a great diversity of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume and See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy; though, in regard to the last point, varieties of the broad See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and narrow See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye greatly predominate . Much of the See also:

• RETAIL

retail trade of the place is in the hands of the women . The curious practice of the women in plastering their faces with a dark-coloured pigment is less See also:

• COMMON

common in Lhasa than in the provinces . During See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December especially traders arrive from western China by way of See also:

• TACHIENLU

Tachienlu bringing every variety of See also:

• SILK

silk-stuffs, carpets, china-See also:

• WARE

ware and See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea; from Siningfu come silk, gold See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace, See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian goods, carpets of a superior kind, semi-precious stones, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, horses and a very large breed of See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat-tailed sheep; from eastern Tibet, See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk in large quantities, which eventually finds its way to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe through Nepal; from Bhotan and See also:

• SIKKIM

Sikkim, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice; from Sikkim also See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco; besides a variety of Indian and European goods from Nepal and See also:

• DARJEELING

Darjeeling, and charas (resinous exudation of See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp) and See also:

• SAFFRON (Arab. za'faran)

saffron from Ladakh and See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir . The merchants leave Lhasa in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, before the setting in of the rains renders the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers impassable . The tea importation from China is considerable, for tea is an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute necessary to the Tibetan, The tea is of various qualities, from the coarsest, used only for " buttered " tea (a sort of broth), to the fine quality drunk by the wealthy . This is pressed into bricks or cakes weighing about 5i lb, and often passes as currency . The quantity that pays See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty at Tachienlu is about 10,000,000 lb, besides some amount smuggled .

No doubt a large part of this comes to Lhasa . Lhasa Festivities.—The greatest of these is at the new year . This lasts fifteen days, and is a kind of lamaic See also:

• CARNIVAL (Med. Lat. carnelevarium, from taro, tarns, flesh, and levare, to lighten or put aside; the derivation from valere, to say farewell, is unsupported)

carnival, in which masks and mummings, wherein the Tibetans take especial delight, See also:

• PLAY

play a great part . The celebration commences at midnight, with shouts and clangour of bells, gongs, chank-shells, drums and all the noisy repertory of Tibetan See also:

• MUSIC

music; whilst See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early visits and administer coarse sweetmeats and buttered tea . On the second See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the Dalai Lama gives a grand banquet, at which the Chinese and native authorities are See also:

• PRESENT

present, whilst in the public spaces and in front of the great convents all sorts of shows and jugglers' performances go on . Next day a See also:

• REGULAR

regular Tibetan See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition takes place . A long See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable, See also:

• TWISTED

twisted of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather thongs, is stretched from a high point in the battlements of Potala slanting down to the plain, where it is strongly moored . Two men slide from See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top to bottom of this huge hypothenuse, sometimes lying on the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest (which is protected by a See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast-See also:

• PLATE

plate of strong leather), spreading their arms as if to swim, and descending with the rapidity of an arrow-See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . Occasionally fatal accidents occur in this performance, which is called " the See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance of the gods "; but the survivors are rewarded by the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and the Grand Lama himself is always a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of it . This practice occurs more or less over the Himalayan plateau, and is known in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges as Barat . It is employed as a kind of expiatory rite in cases of pestilence and the like . Exactly the same performance is described as having been exhibited in St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's Church-yard before King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI., and again before See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, as well as, about 1750, at See also:

• HERTFORD
• HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Hertford and other places in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (see See also:

• STRUTT, JEDEDIAH (1726-1797)

Strutt's See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

Sports, &c., and ed., p .

198) . The most remarkable celebration of the new year's festivities is the great See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

jubilee of the Monlam (sMon-lam, " prayer "), instituted by Tsongkhapa himself in 1408 . Lamas from all parts of Tibet, but chiefly from the great convents in the neighbourhood, See also:

• FLOCK

flock to Lhasa, and every road leading thither is thronged with troops of monks on foot or horseback, on yaks or donkeys, carrying with them their breviaries and their cooking-pots . Those who cannot find lodging See also:

• BIVOUAC (a French word generally said to have been introduced during the Thirty Years' War, perhaps derived from Beiwacht, extra guard)

bivouac in the streets and squares, or See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch their little See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black tents in the plain . The festival lasts six days, during which there reigns a kind of saturnalia . Unspeakable confusion and disorder reign, while gangs of lamas See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade the streets, shouting, singing and coming to blows . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of this gathering is, however, supposed to be devotional . Vast processions take place, with mystic offerings and lama-music, to the Jokhang and Moru convents; the Grand Lama himself assists at the festival, and from an elevated throne beside the Jokhang receives the offerings of the multitude and bestows his See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction . On the 15th of the first See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month multitudes of torches are kept ablaze, which lighten up the city to a great distance, whilst the interior of the Jokhang is illuminated throughout the night by in-numerable lanterns shedding See also:

• LIGHT

light on coloured figures in bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief, framed in arabesques of animals, birds and See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, and representing the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Buddha and other subjects, all modelled in butter . The figures are executed on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, and, as described by See also:

• HUE

Hue, who witnessed the festival at Kunbum on the frontier of China, with extraordinary truth and skill . These singular See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art occupy some months in preparation, and on the morrow are thrown away . On other days horse-races take place from Sera to Potala, and foot-races from Potala to the city .

On the 27th of the month the holy Dorje is carried in See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn procession from ;Sera to the Jokhang, and to the presence of the lama at Potala . Of other great See also:

• ANNUAL

annual feasts, one, in the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth month, is assigned to the conception of Sakya, but appears to connect itself with the old nature-feast of the entering of spring, and to be more or less identical with the Huai of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . A second, the See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration of the waters, in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September–See also:

• OCTOBER

October, appears, on the confines of India, to be associated with the Dasehra . On the 3oth day of the second month there takes place a See also: