See also:

• LIBERTAD, or LA LIBERTAD

LIBERTAD, or LA LIBERTAD  , a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, bounded N. by See also:

• LAMBAYEQUE

Lambayeque and See also:

• CAJAMARCA, or CAXAMARCA

Cajamarca, E. by See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, S. by See also:

• ANCACHS

Ancachs, S.W. and W. by the Pacific . Pop . (1906 estimate) 188,200; See also:

• AREA

area 10,209 sq. m . See also:

• LIBERTAD, or LA LIBERTAD

Libertad formerly included of the See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera broken into valleys by See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain spurs, and the eastern a high inter-Andine valley lying between the Western and Central Cordilleras and traversed by the upper Maranon or See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon, which at one point is less than 90 M. in a straight See also:

• LINE

line from the Pacific coast . The coast region is traversed by several short streams, which are fed by the melting snows of the Cordillera and are extensively used for See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation . These are (the names also applying to their valleys) the Jequetepeque or Pacasmayo, in whose valley See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice is an important product, the Chicama, in whose valley the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar plantations are among the largest and best in Peru, the Moche, Viru, Chao and See also:

• SANTA

Santa; the last, with its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern tributary, the Tablachaca, forming the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary line of the department . The Santa Valley is also noted for its sugar plantations . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton is produced in several of these valleys, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee in the Pacasmayo See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and See also:

• COCA, or CUCA (Erythroxylon coca)

coca on the mountain slopes about Huamachuco and Otuzco, at elevations of 3000 to 6000 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . The upland regions, which have a moderate rainfall and a cool, healthy See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, are partly devoted to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture on a small See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale (producing See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, potatoes, quinua, See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit and vegetables), partly to grazing and partly to See also:

• MINING

mining . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep have been raised on the upland pastures of Libertad and Ancachs since See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early colonial times, and the See also:

• LLAMA

llama and See also:

• ALPACA

alpaca were reared throughout this " sierra " See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver mines are worked in the districts of Huamachuco, Otuzco and Pataz, and See also:

• COAL

coal has been found in the first two . The department had 169 m. of See also:

• RAIL

rail-way in 1906, viz.: from Pacasmayo to Yonan (in Cajamarca) with a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch to Guadalupe, 6o m.; from Salaverry to See also:

• TRUJILLO
• TRUJILLO, or TRUJILLO
• TRUJILLO, or TRUXILLO

Trujillo with its See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension to Ascope, 47 m.; from Trujillo to See also:

• LAREDO

Laredo, Galindo and Menocucho, 182 m.; from Huanchaco to See also:

• ROMA

Roma, 25 m.; and from Chicama to See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

Pampas, 182 m .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ports are Pacasmayo and Salaverry, which have long See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron piers built by the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government; Malabrigo, Huanchuco, Guanape and Chao are open roadsteads . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the department is Trujillo . The other principal towns are San (H . H . J.) divides it into two nearly equal parts; the western consisting LIBERIUS, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope from 352 to 366, the successor of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius I. of a narrow, arid, sandy coast See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone and the western slopes Pedro, Otuzco, Huamachuco, See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago de Chuco and Tuyabamba —all provincial capitals and important only through their mining interests, except San Pedro, which stands in the fertile district of the Jequetepeque . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Otuzco (35 M . N.E. of Trujillo) was estimated to be about 4000 in 1896, that of Huamachuco (65 m . N.E. of Trujillo) being perhaps slightly less .