GAIUS

See also:

• LICINIUS

LICINIUS

See also:

• MACER, AEMILIUS

MACER CALVUS (82-47 B.C.)  , Roman poet and orator, was the son of the annalist Licinius Macer . As a poet he is associated with his friend Catullus, whom he followed in style and choice of subjects . As an orator he was the leader of the opponents of the florid Asiatic school, who took the simplest Attic orators as their model and attacked even Cicero as wordy and artificial . Calvus held a correspondence on questions connected with rhetoric, perhaps (if the reading be correct) the commentarii alluded to by Tacitus (Dialogus, 23; compare also Cicero, Ad Fam. xv . 21) . Twenty-one speeches by him are mentioned, amongst which the most famous were those delivered against Publius Vatinius . Calvus was very short of stature, and is alluded to by Catullus (Ode 53) as Salaputium disertum (eloquent Lilliputian) . For Cicero's opinion see Brutus, 82; Quintilian X . I . IIS; Tacitus, Dialogus, 18 . 21; the monograph by F . Plessis (Paris, 1896) contains a collection of the fragments (verse and prose) .

he is best known for his investigations in

electricity, more especially as to the so-called Lichtenberg figures, which are fully described in two memoirs Super nova methodo motum ac naturam fluidi electrici investigandi (Gottingen, 1777-1778) . These figures, originally studied on account of the light they were supposed to throw on the nature of the electric fluid or fluids, have reference to the distribution of electricity over the surface of non-conductors . They are produced as follows: A sharp-pointed needle is placed perpendicular to a non-conducting plate, such as of resin, ebonite or glass, with its point very near to or in contact with the plate, and a Leyden jar is discharged into the needle . The electrification of the plate is now tested by sifting over it a mixture of flowers of sulphur and red lead . The negatively electrified sulphur is seen to attach itself to the positively electrified parts of the plate, and the positively electrified red lead to the negatively electrified parts . In addition to the distribution of colour thereby produced, there is a marked difference in the form of the figure, according to the nature of the electricity originally communicated to the plate . If it be positive, a widely extending patch is seen on the plate, consisting of a dense nucleus, from which branches radiate in all directions; if negative the patch is much smaller and has a sharp circular boundary entirely devoid of branches . If the plate receives a mixed charge, as, for example, from an induction coil, a " mixed " figure results, consisting of a large red central nucleus, corresponding to the negative charge, surrounded by yellow rays, corresponding to the positive charge . The difference between the positive and negative figures seems to depend on the presence of the air; for the difference tends to disappear when the experiment is conducted in vacuo . Riess explains it by the negative electrification of the plate caused by the friction of the water vapour, &c., driven along the surface by the explosion which accompanies the disruptive discharge at the point . This electrification would favour the spread of a positive, but hinder that of a negative discharge . There is, in all probability, a connexion between this phenomenon and the peculiarities of positive and negative brush and other discharge in air .

As a satirist and humorist Lichtenberg takes high

rank among the German writers of the 18th century . His biting wit involved him in many controversies with well-known contemporaries, such as Lavater, whose science of physiognomy he ridiculed, and Voss, whose views on Greek pronunciation called forth a powerful satire, Uber die Pronunciation der Schopse des alten Griccheulandes (1782) . In 1769 and again in 1774 he resided for some time in England and his Briefe aus England (1776-1778), with admirable descriptions of Garrick's acting, are the most attractive of his writings . He contributed to the Gottinger Taschenkalender from 1778 onwards, and to the Gottingisches Magazin der Literatur and Wissenschaft, which he edited for three years (1780-1782) with J . G . A . Forster . He also published in 1i94-1799 an Ausfiihrliche Erkldrung der Hogarthschen h upferstiche . Lichtenberg's Vermischte Schriften were published by F . Kries in 9 vols . (1800–18o5) ; new editions in 8 vols . (1844–1846 and 1867) .

Selections by E . Grisebach, Lichtenbergs Gedanken and Maximen (1870; by F . Robertag (in Kurschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur (vol . 141, 1886); and by A .

Wilbrandt (18933) . Lichtenberg's Briefe have been published in 3 vols. by C . Schiiddekopf and A . Leitzmann (19oo–19o2) ; his Aphorismen by A . Leitzmann (3 vols., 1902–1906) . 'See also R . M . Meyer, Swift and Lichtenberg (1886) ; F .

Lauchert, Lichtenbergs schriftstellerische Tatigkeit (1893); and A . Leitzmann, Aus Lichtenbergs Nachlass (1899) .