See also:

• GAIUS

GAIUS See also:

• LICINIUS

LICINIUS See also:

• MACER, AEMILIUS

MACER CALVUS (82-47 B.C.)  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman poet and orator, was the son of the annalist See also:

• LICINIUS

Licinius See also:

• MACER, AEMILIUS

Macer . As a poet he is associated with his friend See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus, whom he followed in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and choice of subjects . As an orator he was the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the opponents of the florid See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic school, who took the simplest See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic orators as their See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model and attacked even See also:

• CICERO

Cicero as wordy and artificial . Calvus held a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence on questions connected with See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric, perhaps (if the See also:

• READING

reading be correct) the See also:

• COMMENTARII (Lat. = Gr. broµvijµara)

commentarii alluded to by See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus (Dialogus, 23; compare also Cicero, Ad Fam. xv . 21) . Twenty-one speeches by him are mentioned, amongst which the most famous were those delivered against Publius Vatinius . Calvus was very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of stature, and is alluded to by Catullus (See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode 53) as Salaputium disertum (eloquent Lilliputian) . For Cicero's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion see See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus, 82; See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian X . I . IIS; Tacitus, Dialogus, 18 . 21; the monograph by F . Plessis (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1896) contains a collection of the fragments (See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse and See also:

• PROSE

prose) .

he is best known for his investigations in See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity, more especially as to the so-called See also:

• LICHTENBERG
• LICHTENBERG, GEORG CHRISTOPH (1742-1799)

Lichtenberg figures, which are fully described in two See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs Super nova methodo motum ac naturam fluidi electrici investigandi (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1777-1778) . These figures, originally studied on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• LIGHT

light they were supposed to throw on the nature of the electric fluid or fluids, have reference to the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of electricity over the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of non-conductors . They are produced as follows: A See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-pointed See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle is placed perpendicular to a non-conducting See also:

• PLATE

plate, such as of See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin, ebonite or See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, with its point very near to or in contact with the plate, and a See also:

• LEYDEN, JOHN (1775-1811)

Leyden See also:

• JAR

jar is discharged into the needle . The electrification of the plate is now tested by sifting over it a mixture of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers of See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur and red See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . The negatively electrified sulphur is seen to attach itself to the positively electrified parts of the plate, and the positively electrified red lead to the negatively electrified parts . In addition to the distribution of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour thereby produced, there is a marked difference in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the figure, according to the nature of the electricity originally communicated to the plate . If it be See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive, a widely extending patch is seen on the plate, consisting of a dense See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus, from which branches radiate in all directions; if negative the patch is much smaller and has a sharp circular boundary entirely devoid of branches . If the plate receives a mixed See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, as, for example, from an See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction coil, a " mixed " figure results, consisting of a large red central nucleus, corresponding to the negative charge, surrounded by yellow rays, corresponding to the positive charge . The difference between the positive and negative figures seems to depend on the presence of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air; for the difference tends to disappear when the experiment is conducted in vacuo . Riess explains it by the negative electrification of the plate caused by the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction of the See also:

• WATER

water vapour, &c., driven along the surface by the See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion which accompanies the disruptive See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge at the point . This electrification would favour the spread of a positive, but hinder that of a negative discharge . There is, in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, a connexion between this phenomenon and the peculiarities of positive and negative See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush and other discharge in air .

As a satirist and humorist Lichtenberg takes high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German writers of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . His biting wit involved him in many controversies with well-known contemporaries, such as See also:

• LAVATER, JOHANN KASPAR (1741—1801)

Lavater, whose See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy he ridiculed, and See also:

• VOSS, JOHANN HEINRICH (1751–1826)
• VOSS, RICHARD (1851– )

Voss, whose views on See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation called forth a powerful See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire, Uber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Pronunciation der Schopse See also:

• DES

des See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

alten Griccheulandes (1782) . In 1769 and again in 1774 he resided for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and his Briefe aus England (1776-1778), with admirable descriptions of See also:

• GARRICK, DAVID (1717-1779)

Garrick's acting, are the most attractive of his writings . He contributed to the Gottinger Taschenkalender from 1778 onwards, and to the Gottingisches Magazin der Literatur and Wissenschaft, which he edited for three years (1780-1782) with J . G . A . See also:

• FORSTER, FRANCOIS (179o-,872)
• FORSTER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1791-1868)
• FORSTER, JOHANN GEORG ADAM (1754-1794)
• FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876)
• FORSTER, JOHN COOPER (1823-1886)
• FORSTER, WILLIAM EDWARD (1818-1886)

Forster . He also published in 1i94-1799 an Ausfiihrliche Erkldrung der Hogarthschen h upferstiche . Lichtenberg's Vermischte Schriften were published by F . Kries in 9 vols . (1800–18o5) ; new See also:

• EDITIONS

editions in 8 vols . (1844–1846 and 1867) .

Selections by E . Grisebach, Lichtenbergs Gedanken and Maximen (1870; by F . Robertag (in Kurschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur (vol . 141, 1886); and by A . See also:

• WILBRANDT, ADOLF (1837— )

Wilbrandt (18933) . Lichtenberg's Briefe have been published in 3 vols. by C . Schiiddekopf and A . Leitzmann (19oo–19o2) ; his Aphorismen by A . Leitzmann (3 vols., 1902–1906) . 'See also R . M . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift and Lichtenberg (1886) ; F .

Lauchert, Lichtenbergs schriftstellerische Tatigkeit (1893); and A . Leitzmann, Aus Lichtenbergs Nachlass (1899) .