See also:

• LICTORS (lictores)

LICTORS (lictores)  , in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman antiquities, a class of the attendants (apparitores) upon certain Roman and provincial magistrates.' As an institution (supposed by some to have been borrowed from See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria) they went back to the See also:

• REGAL

regal See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period and continued to exist till imperial See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time's . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• LICTORS (lictores)

lictors were freedmen; they formed a See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation divided into decuries, from which the lictors of the magistrates in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn; provincial officials had the nomination of their own . In See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome they wore the toga, perhaps girded up; on a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign and at the celebration of a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, the red military cloak (sagulum); at funerals, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black . ' As representatives of magistrates who possessed the imperium, they carried the See also:

• FASCES

fasces and axes in front of them (see FASCES) . They were exempt from military service; received a fixed See also:

• SALARY

salary; theoretically they were nominated for a See also:

• YEAR

year, but really for See also:

• LIFE

life . They were the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant attendants, both in and out of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, of the See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate to whom they were attached . They walked before him in See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• FILE

file, cleared a passage for him (summovere) through the See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd, and saw that he was received with the marks of respect due to his See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . They Stood by him when he took his seat on the tribunal; mounted guard before his house, against the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of which they stood the fasces; summoned offenders before him, seized, See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound and scourged them, and (in earlier times) carried out the See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence . It should be noted that directly a magistrate entered an allied, See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, he was obliged to dispense with nis lictors . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king had twelve lictors; each of the consuls (immediately after their institution) twelve, subsequently limited to' the monthly officiating See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, although See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar appears to have restored the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original arrangement; the See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator, as representing both consuls, twenty-four; the emperors twelve, until the time of See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian, who'had' twenty-four . The See also:

• FLAMEN (from flare, " to blow up " the altar fire)

Flamen Dialis, each of the Vestals, the magister-vicorum (over-seer of the sections into which the city was divided) were also accompanied by lictors . These lictors were probably supplied from the lictores curiatii, See also:

• THIRTY

thirty in number, whose functions were specially religious, one of them being in' attendance on the See also:

• PONTIFEX

pontifex See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

maximus .

They originally summoned the See also:

• COMITIA

comitia curiata, and when its meetings became merely.a formality, acted as the representatives of that See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly . Lictors were also assigned to private individuals at the celebration of funeral See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, and 'to the aediles at the games provided by them and the theatrical representations under their supervision . For the fullest See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the lictors, see See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht, i . 355, 374 (3rd ed,•t887) .