See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON JUSTUS VON See also:

• BARON JUSTUS VON LIEBIG (1803-1873)

LIEBIG (1803-1873)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, according to his baptismal certificate, on the 12th of May 1803 (4th of May, according to his See also:

• MOTHER

mother) . His See also:

• FATHER

father, a drysalter and dealer in See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, used sometimes to make experiments in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of finding improved processes for the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of his wares, and thus his son See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early acquired familiarity with See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . For the theoretical See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side he read all the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books which he could find, somewhat to the detriment of his -See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary school studies . Having determined to make chemistry his profession, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen he entered the See also:

• SHOP

shop of an See also:

• APOTHECARY (from the Lat. apothecarius, a keeper of an apotheca, Gr. aroth is , a store)

apothecary at Appenheim, near Darmstadt; but he soon found how See also:

• GREAT

great is the difference between practical See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy and scientific chemistry, and the explosions and other incidents that accompanied his private efforts to increase his chemical knowledge disposed his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master to view without regret his departure at the end of ten months . He next entered the university of See also:

• BONN

Bonn, but migrated to See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen when the See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of chemistry, K . W . G . Kastner (1783-1857), was appointed in 1821 to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of physics and chemistry at the latter university . He followed this professor to learn how to analyse certain minerals, but in the end be found that the teacher himself was ignorant of the See also:

• PROCESS

process . Indeed, as he himself said afterwards, it was a wretched See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for chemistry in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . No laboratories were accessible to ordinary students, who had to content themselves with what the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities could give in the lecture See also:

• ROOM

room and the library, and though both at Bonn and Erlangen See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig endeavoured to make up for the deficiencies of the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official instruction by See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a students' See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and chemical society for the discussion of new discoveries and speculations, he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that he could never become a chemist in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Therefore, having graduated as Ph.D. in 1822, he See also:

• LEFT

left Erlangen—where he subsequently complained that the contagion of the " greatest philosopher , and metaphysician of the See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century " (See also:

• SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775-1854)
• SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763-1809)

Schelling), in a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period " See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in words and ideas, but poor in true knowledge and genuine studies," had cost him two See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious years of his See also:

• LIFE

life—and by the liberality of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis I.,. See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-Darmstadt, was enabled to go to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris .

By the help of L . J . See also:

• THENARD, LOUIS JACQUES (1777-1857)

Thenard he gained See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the private laboratory of H . F . Gaultier de Claubry (1792-1873), professor of chemistry at the Ecole de Pharmacies and soon afterwards, by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of A. von See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt, to that of See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay-Lussac, where in 1824 he concluded his investigations on the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the fulminates . It was on Humboldt's See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, that he determined to become a teacher of chemistry, but difficulties stood in his way . As a native of Hesse-Darmstadt he ought, according to the academical rules of the time, to have studied and graduated at the university of See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, and it was only through the influence of Humboldt that the authorities forgave him for straying to the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign university of Erlangen . After 'examination his Erlangen degree was recognized, and in 1824 he was appointed extraordinary professor of chemistry at Giessen, becoming ordinary, professor two years later . In this small See also:

• TOWN

town his most important See also:

• WORK

work was accomplished . His first care was to persuade the Darmstadt See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to provide a chemical laboratory in 'which the students might obtain a proper practical training . This laboratory, unique of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind at the time, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Liebig's unrivalled gifts as . a teacher, soon rendered Giessen the most famous chemical school in the See also:

• WORLD

world; men flocked from every country to enjoy its advantages, and many of the most accomplished chemists of the loth century had to thank it for their early training . Further, it gave a great impetus to the progress of chemical See also:

• EDUCATION

education throughout Germany, for the continued admonitions of Liebig combined with the influence of his pupils induced many other universities to build laboratories modelled on the same See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan .

He remained at Giessen for, twenty-eight years, until in 1852 he accepted the invitation of the Bavarian government to the ordinary chair of chemistry at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich university, and this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he held, although he was offered the chair at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin in 1865, until his See also:

• DEATH

death, which occurred at Munich on the loth of See also:

• APRIL

April 1873 . Apart from Liebig's labours for the improvement of chemical teaching, the influence of his experimental researches and of his contributions to chemical thought was felt in every See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . In regard to methods and apparatus, mention should be made of his improvements in the technique of organic See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, his plan for determining the natural alkaloids and for ascertaining the molecular weights of organic bases by means of their chloroplatinates, his process for determining the quantity of See also:

• UREA, or CARBAMIDE, CO(NH2)2

urea in asolution—the first step towards the introduction of precise chemical methods into practical See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine—and his invention of the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• CONDENSER

condenser known in every laboratory . His contributions to inorganic chemistry were numerous, including investigations on the compounds of See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony, See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium, See also:

• SILICON [symbol Si, atomic weight 28.3 (0= 16)]

silicon, &c., on the separation of See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel and See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt, and on the analysis of See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, but they are outweighed in importance by his work on organic sub-stances . In this domain his first See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research was on the fulminates of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury and See also:

• SILVER

silver, and his study of these bodies led him to the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the See also:

• ISOMERISM

isomerism of cyanic and fulminic acids, for the composition of fulminic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid as found by him was the same as that of cyanic acid, as found by F . See also:

• WOHLER, FRIEDRICH (1800-1882)

Wohler, and it became necessary to admit them to be two bodies which differed in properties, though of the same percentage composition . Further work on See also:

• CYANOGEN (Gr. ebavos, blue 'yevvav, to produce), C2N2

cyanogen and connected substances yielded a great number of interesting derivatives, and he described an improved method for the manufacture of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium See also:

• CYANIDE

cyanide, an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent which has since proved of enormous value in metallurgy and the arts . In 1832 he published, jointly with Wohler, one of the most famous papers in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of chemistry, that on the oil of See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter almonds (See also:

• BENZALDEHYDE (oil of bitter almonds), C6H5CHO

benzaldehyde), wherein it was shown that the radicle benzoyl might be regarded as forming an unchanging constituent of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of compounds obtained from oil of bitter almonds, throughout which it behaved like an See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . See also:

• BERZELIUS, JONS JAKOB (1779-1848)

Berzelius hailed this discovery as marking the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of a new era in organic chemistry, and proposed for benzoyl the names " Proin " or " Orthrin " (from 7rpn.,1 and o"pOpvs) . A continuation of their work on bitter See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond oil by Liebig and Wohler, who remained See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of their lives, resulted in the elucidation of the mode of formation of that substance and in the discovery of the ferment emulsin as well as the recognition of the first See also:

• GLUCOSIDE

glucoside, See also:

• AMYGDALIN (from the Gr. aµurySaXrt, almond), C2

amygdalin, while another and not less important and far-reaching inquiry in which they collaborated was that on uric acid, published in '837 . About 1832 he began his investigations into the constitution of See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether and See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and their derivatives . These on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand resulted in the enunciation of his See also:

• ETHYL

ethyl theory, by the See also:

• LIGHT

light of which he looked upon those substances as compounds of the radicle ethyl (C2H5), in opposition to the view of J .

B . A . See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas, who regarded them as hydrates of olefiant See also:

• GAS

gas (See also:

• ETHYLENE, or ETHENE, C2H4

ethylene); on the other they yielded See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform, See also:

• CHLORAL

chloral and aldehyde, as. well as other compounds of less See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and also the method of forming mirrors by depositing silver from a slightly ammoniacal See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution by acet aldehyde . In 1837 with Dumas he published a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note on the constitution of organic acids, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year an elaborate See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on the same subject appeared under his own name alone; by this work T . See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham s See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of polybasicity was extended to the organic acids . Liebig also did much to further the See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen theory of acids . These and other studies in pure chemistry mainly occupied his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention until about 1838, but the last See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five years of his life were devoted more particularly to the chemistry of the processes of life, both See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable . In animal See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology he set himself to trace out the operation of determinate chemical and physical See also:

• LAWS

laws in the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of life and See also:

• HEALTH

health . To this end he examined such immediate vital products as See also:

• BLOOD

blood, bile and urine; he analysed the juices of flesh, establishing the composition of creatin and investigating its decomposition products, creatinin and sarcosin; he classified the various articles of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food in accordance with the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• FUNCTION

function performed by each in the animal See also:

• ECONOMY

economy, and expounded the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of +cooking; and in opposition to many of the medical opinions of his time taught that the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the See also:

• BODY

body is the result of the processes of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion and oxidation performed within the organism . A secondary result of this See also:

• LINE

line of study was the preparation of his food for infants and of his See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract of See also:

• MEAT

meat . Vegetable physiology he pursued with special reference to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, which he held to be the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of all See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, but which could not be rationally practised without the guidance of chemical principles . His first publication on this subject was See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur and Physiologie in 184o, which was at once translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English by See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair .

Rejecting the old notion that See also:

• PLANTS

plants derive their nourishment from humus, he taught that they get See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon and See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen from the carbon dioxide and See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia See also:

• PRESENT

present in the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, these compounds being returned by them to the atmosphere by the processes of putrefaction and See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation—which latter he regarded as essentially chemical in nature—while their potash, soda, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus, &c., come from the See also:

• SOIL

soil . Of the carbon dioxide and ammonia no exhaustion can take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, but of the mineral constitutents the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is limited because the soil cannot afford an indefinite amount of them;- hence the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief care of the See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, and the function of See also:

• MANURES

manures, is to restore to the soil those minerals which each See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop is found, by the analysis of its ashes, to take up in its growth . On this theory he prepared artificial manures containing the essential mineral substances together with a small quantity of ammoniacal salts, because he held that the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air does not supply ammonia fast enough in certain cases, and carried out systematic experiments on ten acres of poor sandy See also:

• LAND

land which he obtained from the town of Giessen in 1845 . But in practice the results were not wholly satisfactory, and it was a long time before he recognized one important See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for the failure in the fact that to prevent the alkalis from being washed away by the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain he had taken pains to add them in an insoluble form, whereas, as was ultimately suggested to him by experiments performed by J . T . Way about 1850, this precaution was not only superfluous but harmful, because the soil possesses a See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of absorbing the soluble saline matters required by plants and of retaining them, in spite of rain, for assimilation by the roots . Liebig's See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity was very great . The Royal Society's See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Scientific Papers enumerates 318 See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs under his name, exclusive of many others published in collaboration with other investigators . A certain impetuousness of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character which disposed him to See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush into controversy whenever doubt was See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon the views he supported accounted for a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, and he also carried on an extensive See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Wohler and other scientific men . In 1832 he founded the Annalen der Pharmazie, which became the Annalen der Chemie and Pharmazie in 184o when Wohler became See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-editor with himself, and in 1837 with Wohler and See also:

• POGGENDORFF, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1796-1877)

Poggendorff he established the HandwOrterbuch der reinen and angewandten Chemie . After the death of Berzelius he continued the Jahresbericht with H . F .

M . See also:

• KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ (1817-1892)

Kopp . The following are his most important See also:

• SEPARATE

separate publications, many of which were translated into English and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French almost as soon as they ap- peared: Anleitung zur Analyse der organischen Kerper (1837); Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur and Physiologic (184o) ; Die Thier-Chemie See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Physiologic and Pathologie (1842); Handbuch der organischen Chemie mil Rucksicht auf Pharmazie (1843); Chemische Briefe (1844) ; Chemische Untersuchungen uber das Fleisch and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Zubereitung zum Nahrungsmittel (1847) ; Die Grundsatze der Agrikultur-Chemie (1855); Ober Theorie and Praxis in der Landwirthschaft (1856); Naturwissenschaftliche Briefe fiber die moderne Land- wirthschaft (1859) . A See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous collection of his See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous addresses and publications appeared in 1874 as Reden and Abhandlungen, edited by his son See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George (b . 1827) . His See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, Uber See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis von Verulam, was first published in 1863 in the Augsburger allgemeine Zeitung, where also most of his letters on chemistry made their first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . See The Life Work of Liebig (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1876), by his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil A . W. von See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann, which is the See also:

• FARADAY, MICHAEL (1791-1867)

Faraday lecture delivered before the London Chemical Society in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1875, and is reprinted in Hofmann's Zur Erinnerung an vorangegangene Freunde; also W . A . See also:

• SHENSTONE, WILLIAM (1714-1763)

Shenstone, Justus von Liebig, his Life and Work (1895) .