See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Belgian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province that bears its name . It is finely situated on the See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse, and was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long the seat of a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince-bishopric . It is the centre of the Walloon See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott commits a curious See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake in Quentin Durward in making its See also:

• PEOPLE

people talk Flemish . The See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege Walloon is the nearest existing approach to the old See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . The importance of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day arises from its being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief manufacturing centre in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, and to i owing ts large output of arms it has been called the See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . The productive See also:

• COAL

coal-mines of the Meuse valley, extending from its western suburb of See also:

• SERAING

Seraing to its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FAUBOURG

faubourg of See also:

• HERSTAL, or HERISTAL

Herstal, constitute its chief See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . At Seraing is established the famous manufacturing See also:

• FIRM

firm of See also:

• COCKERILL, WILLIAM (1759-1832)

Cockerill, whose offices are in the old summer See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the prince-bishops . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• LAMBERT [alias NICHOLSON], JOHN (d. 1538)
• LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809)
• LAMBERT, FRANCIS (c 1486-153o)
• LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–1777)
• LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694)

Lambert was destroyed and sacked by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1794, and in 1802 the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, dating from the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century but rebuilt in the 13th, was declared the cathedral . The See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts are installed in the old palace of the prince-bishops, a See also:

• BUILDING

building which was constructed by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Everard de la Marck between 15o8 and 1540 . The new boulevards are well laid out, especially those flanking the See also:

• RIVER

river, and the views of the city and surrounding country are very See also:

• FINE

fine . The university, which has See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for mines and arts and manufactures, is one of the largest in the country, and enjoys a high reputation for teaching in its See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• LINE

line . Liege is a fortified position of far greater strength than is generally appreciated .

In the See also:

• WARS

wars of the 18th century Liege played but a small See also:

• PART

part . It was then defended only by the citadel and a detached fort on the right See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Meuse, but at. a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance from the river, called the See also:

• CHARTREUSE
• CHARTREUSE, LA GRANDE

Chartreuse . See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl-See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough captured these forts in 1703 in preparation for his advancein the following See also:

• YEAR

year into See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany which resulted in the victory of See also:

• BLENHEIM (Ger. Blindheim)

Blenheim . The citadel and the Chartreuse were still the only defences of Liege in 1888 when, after long discussions, the Belgian authorities decided on adequately fortifying the two important passages of the Meuse at Liege and See also:

• NAMUR
• NAMUR (Flemish, Namen)

Namur . A similar See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was adopted at each See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, viz. the construction of a number of detached forts along a perimeter See also:

• DRAWN

drawn at a distance varying from 4 to 6 m. of the See also:

• TOWN

town, so as to shelter it so far as possible from See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment . At Liege twelve forts were constructed, six on the right See also:

• BANK

bank and six on the See also:

• LEFT

left . Those on the right bank beginning at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and following an eastern See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve are Barchon, Evegnee, Fleron, Chaudfontaine, Embourg and Boncelles . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average distance between each fort is 4 m., but Fleron and Chaudfontaine are separated by little over 1 in. in a See also:

• DIRECT

direct line as they defend the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of railway from Germany . The six forts on the left bank also commencing at the north, but following a western curve, are Pontisse, Liers, Lantin, Loncin, Hollogne and Flemalle . These forts were constructed under the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal direction of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• BRIALMONT, HENRI ALEXIS (1821-1903)

Brialmont, and are on exactly the same principle as those he designed for the formidable defences of Bucarest . All the forts are constructed in See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete with casemates, and the heavy guns are raised and lowered automatically . Communication is maintained between the different forts by military roads in all cases, and by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam tramways in some .

It is estimated that 25,000 troops would be required for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the twelve forts, but the number is inadequate for the defence of so important and extensive a position . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Liege, which in 1875 was only 117,600, had risen by 1900 to 157,760, and in 1905 it was 168;532 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Liege first appears in history about the year 558, at which date St Monulph, bishop of Tongres, built a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel near the confluence of the Meuse and the Legia . A century later the town, which had grown up See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round this chapel, became the favourite See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of St Lambert, bishop of Tongres, and here he was assassinated . His successor St See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert raised a splendid church over the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the martyred bishop about 720 and made Liege his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . It was not, however, until about 930 that the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title bishop of Tongres was abandoned for that of bishop of Liege . The episcopate of Notger (972-1oo8)was marked by large territorial acquisitions, and the see obtained recognition as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent principality of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . The popular saying was " Liege owes Notger to See also:

• GOD

God, and everything else to Notger." By the munificent encouragement of successive bishops Liege became famous during the 11th century as a centre of learning, but the history of the town for centuries records little else than the continuous struggles of the citizens to See also:

• FREE

free themselves from the exactions of their episcopal sovereigns; the aid of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant being frequently called in to repress the popular risings . In 1316 the citizens compelled Bishop Adolph de la Marck to sign a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter, which made large concessions to the popular demands . It was, however, a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of short duration, and the troubles continued, the insurgent subjects now and again obtaining a fleeting success, only to be crushed by the armies of the powerful relatives of the bishops, the houses of Brabant or of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy . During the episcopate of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis de See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon (1456-1484) the Liegeois, having expelled the bishop, had the temerity to declare See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war on See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Burgundy . Philip's son, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bold, utterly defeated them in 1467, and razed the walls of the town to the ground .

In the following year the citizens again revolted, and Charles being once more successful delivered up the city to See also:

• SACK

sack and pillage for three days, and deprived the remnant of the citizens c f all their privileges . This incident is narrated in Quentin Durward . The long episcopate of See also:

• EBERHARD
• EBERHARD, CHRISTIAN AUGUST GOTTLOB (1769-1845)
• EBERHARD, JOHANN AUGUSTUS (1739-1809)

Eberhard de la Marck (1505-1538) was a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and of quiet, during which the town regained something of its former prosperity . The outbreak of See also:

• CIVIL

civil war between two factions, named the Cluroux and the Grignoux, marked the opening of the 17th century . Bishop See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria (r650-i,688) at last put an end to the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal strife and imposed a regdlation (reglement) which abolished all the free institutions of the citizens and the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds . Between this date and the outbreak of the French Revolution the chief efforts of the prince-bishops were directed to maintaining See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality in the various wars, and preserving their territory from being ravaged by invading armies . They were only in part successful . Liege was taken by Marl-borough in 1702, and the fortress was garrisoned by the Dutch until 1718 . The French revolutionary armies overran the principality in 1792, and from 1794 to the fall of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon it was annexed to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and was known as the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Ourthe . The See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1815 decreed that Liege with the other provinces of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Netherlands should See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form part of the new See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the Netherlands under the See also:

• RULE

rule of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I., of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange . The town of Liege took an active part in the Belgian revolt of 183o, and since that date the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient principality has been incorporated in the kingdom of Belgium . The see, which at first See also:

• BORE

bore the name of the bishopric of Tongres, was under the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishops of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne .

The principality comprised besides the town of Liege and its See also:

• DISTRICT

district, the counties of Looz and See also:

• HOORN

Hoorn, the marquessate of Franchimont, and the duchy of See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon .