LILLE  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• NORD

Nord, 154 M . N. by E. of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the Northern railway . Pop . (1906) 196,624 . Lille is situated in a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• DEFILE

Defile in a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich agricultural and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial region of which it is the centre . It is a first-class fortress and headquarters of the I. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and has an See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte and a pentagonal citadel, one of See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban's finest See also:

• WORKS

works, situated to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• TOWN

town, from which it is divided by the Defile . The See also:

• MODERN

modern fortifications comprise over twenty detached forts and batteries, the perimeter of the defences being about 20 m . Before 1858 the town, fortified by Vauban about 1668, occupied an elliptical See also:

• AREA

area of about 2500 yds. by 1300, with the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame de la Treille in the centre, but the ramparts on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side have been demolished and the ditches filled up, their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place being now occupied by the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

Boulevard de la Liberte, which extends in a straight See also:

• LINE

line from the goods station of the railway to the citadel . At the S.E. end of this boulevard are grouped the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the numerous educational establishments of the city . The new enceinte encloses the old communes of Esquermes, Wazemmes and See also:

• MOULINS

Moulins-Lille, the area of the town being thus more than doubled . In the new quarters See also:

• FINE

fine boulevards and handsome squares, such as the Place de la Republique, have been laid out in pleasant contrast with the sombre aspect of the old town . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district of St See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, the only elegant See also:

• PART

part of the old town, is the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy .

Outside the enceinte populous suburbs surround the city on every side . The demolition of the fortifications on the north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the city, which is continued in those directions by the great suburbs of La Madeleine, St See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice and See also:

• FIVES

Fives, must accelerate its expansion towards See also:

• ROUBAIX

Roubaix and See also:

• TOURCOING

Tourcoing . At the demolition of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern fortifications, the Paris See also:

• GATE

gate, a triumphal See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch erected in 1682 in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., after the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, was preserved . On the east" the See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent and Roubaix See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, built in the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with bricks of different See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, date from 1617 and 1622, the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish domination . On the same side the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

Noble-Tour is a relic of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval ramparts . The See also:

• PRESENT

present enceinte is pierced by numerous gates, including See also:

• WATER

water gates for the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of the Defile and for the Arbonnoise, which extends into a See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh in the south-west corner of the town . The citadel, which contains the See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks and See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, is surrounded by public gardens . The more interesting buildings are in the old town, where, in the Grande Place and See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

Rue See also:

• FAIDHERBE, LOUIS LEON CESAR (1818–1889)

Faidherbe, its animation is concentrated . St Maurice, a church" in the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic style, See also:

• DATES

dates in its See also:

• OLDEST

oldest portions from the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and was restored in 1872; Ste See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine belongs to the 15th, 16th and 18th centuries, St Andre to the first years of the 18th century, and Ste Madeleine to the last See also:

• HALF

half of the 17th century; all possess valuable pictures, but St Maurice alone, with See also:

• NAVE

nave and double685 aisles, and elegant modern See also:

• SPIRE

spire, is architecturally notable . Notre-Dame de la Treille, begun in 1855, in the style of the 15th century, possesses an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient statue of the Virgin which is the See also:

• OBJECT

object of a well-known See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage . Of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil buildings the See also:

• BOURSE (from the Med. Lat. bursa, a purse)

Bourse (17th century) built See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a courtyard in which stands a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I., the Hotel d'Aigremont, the Hotel Gentil and other houses are in the Flemish style; the See also:

• LINTEL (0. Fr. lintel, mod. linteau, from Late Lat. limitellum, limes, boundary, confused in sense with limen, threshold; the Latin name is supercilium, Ital. soprasogli, and Ger. Stutz)

lintel de Ville, dating in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century, preserves a portion of a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace built by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, in the 15th century . The prefecture, the Palais See also:

• DES

des See also:

• BEAUX, CECILIA (1863– )

Beaux-Arts, the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-courts, the school of arts and crafts, and the Lycee Faidherbe are imposing modern buildings .

In the middle of the Grande Place stands a See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column, erected in 1848, commemorating the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the town in 1792 (see below), and there are also statues to Generals L . L . C . Faidherbe and F . O. de Negrier, and busts of Louis See also:

• PASTEUR, LOUIS (1822-1895)

Pasteur and the popular poet and See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer A . Desrousseaux . The Palais des Beaux-Arts contains a museum and picture galleries, among the richest in France, as well as a unique collection of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original designs of the great masters bequeathed to Lille by J . B . Wicar, and including a celebrated See also:

• WAX

wax See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of a girl's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head usually attributed to some See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian artist of the 16th century . The city also possesses a commercial and colonial museum, an industrial museum, a fine collection of departmental and municipal archives, the museum of the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of Natural Sciences and a library containing many valuable See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, housed at the Hotel de Ville . The large military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, once a Jesuit See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, is one of several similar institutions . Lille is the seat of a See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade arbitrators, a chamber of commerce and a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Bank of France .

It is the centre of an academie (educational See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division) and has a university with faculties of See also:

• LAWS

laws, letters, See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy, together with a See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic institute comprising faculties of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, law, medicine and pharmacy, letters, science, a technical school, and a department of social and See also:

• POLITICAL

political science . Secondary See also:

• EDUCATION

education is given at the Lycee Faidherbe, and the Lycee See also:

• FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

Fenelon (for girls), a higher school of commerce, a See also:

• NATIONAL

national technical school and other establishments; to these must be added See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• MUSIC

music and fine arts, and the Industrial and Pasteur Institutes . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, which are carried on in the new quarters of the town and in the suburbs, are of great variety and importance . In the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank comes the See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning of See also:

• FLAX

flax and the See also:

• WEAVING

weaving of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, table-See also:

• LINEN

linen, See also:

• DAMASK

damask, See also:

• TICKING

ticking and flax See also:

• VELVET

velvet . The spinning of flax See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread for sewing and See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace-making is specially connected with Lille . The manufacture of woollen fabrics and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-spinning and the making of cotton-twist of fine quality are also carried on . There are important See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing establishments, See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state factories for the manufacture of See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and the refining of See also:

• SALTPETRE (from the Lat. sal, salt, Petra, a rock)

saltpetre and very numerous breweries, while chemical, oil; See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-works, distilleries, See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching-grounds; dye-works, machinery and See also:

• BOILER

boiler works and See also:

• CABINET

cabinet-making occupy many thousands of workmen . Plant for sugar-works and distilleries, military stores, See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-engines, locomotives, and See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges of all kinds are produced by the See also:

• COMPANY

company of Fives-Lille . Lille is one of the most important junctions of the Northern railway, and the Defile canal affords communication with neighbouring ports and with See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium . Trade is chiefly in the raw material and machinery for its industries, in the products thereof, and in the See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and other agricultural products of the surrounding district . Lille (1'tle) is said to date its origin from, the time of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin IV. of Flanders, who in 1030 surrounded with walls a little town which had arisen around the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Buc . In the first half of the 13th century, the town, which had See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed rapidly, obtained communal privileges .

Destroyed by Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus in 1213, it was rebuilt by See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, countess of Flanders, but besieged and retaken by Philip the See also:

• FAIR

Fair in 1297 . After having taken part with the Flemings against the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of France, it was ceded to the latter in 1312 . In 1369 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., king of France, gave it to Louis de Male, who transmitted his rights to his daughter See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, wife of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy . Under the Burgundian See also:

• RULE

rule Lille enjoyed great prosperity; its merchants were at the head of the See also:

• LONDON

London Hansa . Philip the Good made it his residence, and within its walls held the first chapters of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Fleece . With the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Flanders it passed from the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Burgundy to See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and then to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Philip IV. of Spain, Louis XIV. reclaimed the territory and besieged Lille in 1667 . He forced it to capitulate, but preserved all its laws, customs, privileges and liberties . In 1708, after an heroic resistance, it surrendered to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene and the duke of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough . The treaty of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht restored it to France . In 1792 the Austrians bombarded it for nine days and nights without intermission, but had ultimately to raise the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . See L .

Vanhende, Lille et ses institutions communales de 62o a 1804 (Lille, 1888) .