See also:

• LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE

LIMONITE, or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

BROWN See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

IRON ORE  , a natural ferric See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate named from the Gr. ketgiav (meadow), in allusion to its occurrence as " See also:

• BOG (from Ir. and Gael. bogach, bog, soft)

bog-ore " in meadows and marshes . It is never crystallized, but may have a fibrous or microcrystalline structure, and commonly occurs in concretionary forms or in compact and earthy masses; sometimes mammillated, botryoidal, reniform or stalactitic . The See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour presents various shades of See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown and yellow, and the streak is always brownish, a See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character which distinguishes it from See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite with a red, or from See also:

• MAGNETITE

magnetite with a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black streak . It is sometimes called brown haematite . See also:

• LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE

Limonite is a ferric hydrate, conforming typically with the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula Fe403(OH)6, or 2Fe2O3.3H2O . Its hardness is rather above 5, and its specific gravity varies from 3.5 to 4 . In many cases it has been formed from other See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron oxides, like haematite and magnetite, or by the alteration of See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites or See also:

• CHALYBITE

chalybite . By the operation of -meteoric agencies, iron pyrites readily pass into limonite often with retention of See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form; and the masses of " gozzan " or gossan " on the outcrop of certain See also:

• MINERAL

mineral-See also:

• VEINS

veins consist of rusty iron ore formed in this way, and associated with cellular See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz . Many deposits of limonite have been found, on he:ng worked, to pass downwards into ferrous carbonate; and crystals of chalybite converted superficially into limonite are well known . Minerals, like See also:

• GLAUCONITE

glauconite, which contain ferrous silicate, may in like manner yield limonite, on weathering . The ferric hydrate is also readily deposited from ferruginous See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, often by means of organic agencies . Deposits of brown iron ore of greateconomic value occur in many sedimentary rocks, such as the .

See also:

• LIAS

Lias, Oolites and See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand of various parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . They appear in some cases to be altered limestones and in others altered glauconitic sandstones . An oolitic structure is sometimes See also:

• PRESENT

present, and the ores are generally phosphatic, and may contain perhaps 30% of iron . The oolitic brown ores of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine and See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg are known as " minette," a diminutive of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French mine (ore), in allusion to their See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low content of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . Granular and concretionary limonite accumulates by organic See also:

• ACTION

action on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of certain lakes in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, forming the curious " See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake ore." Larger concretions formed under other conditions are known as " See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean ore." Limonite often forms a cementing See also:

• MEDIUM

medium in ferruginous sands and gravels, forming " See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan "; and in like manner it is the agglutinating See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent in many conglomerates, like the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African " See also:

• BANKET

banket," where it is auriferous . In iron-shot sands the limonite may form hollow concretions, known in some cases as " boxes." The " See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle stones " of older writers were generally concretions of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, containing some substance, like See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, which rattled when the hollow nodule was shaken . Bog iron ore is an impure Iimonite, usually formed by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of micro-organisms, and containing See also:

• SILICA

silica, phosphoric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and organic See also:

• MATTER

matter, sometimes with See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese . The various kinds of brown and yellow ochre are mixtures of limonite with See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and other impurities; whilst in See also:

• UMBER

umber much manganese See also:

• OXIDE

oxide is present . Argillaceous brown iron ore is often known in Gel-dimly as Thoneisenstein; but the corresponding See also:

• TERM

term in See also:

• ENGLISH

English (clay iron See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone) is applied to nodular forms of impure chalybite . J . C . See also:

• ULLMANN, KARL (1796-1865)

Ullmann's name of stilpnosiderite, from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek yr X,ryos (shining) is sometimes applied to such kinds of limonite as have a pitchy lustre .

Deposits of limonite in cavities may have a rounded See also:

• SURFACE

surface or even a stalactitic form, and may present a brilliant lustre, of blackish colour, forming what is called in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany Glaskopf (See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head) . It often happens that analyses of brown iron ores reveal a larger proportion of See also:

• WATER

water than required by the typical formula of limonite, and hence new See also:

• SPECIES

species have been recognized . Thus the yellowish brown ore called by E . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt xanthosiderite, from YawBos (yellow) and old,tpos (iron), contains Fe20(OH)4, or Fe2O3.2H20; whilst the bog ore known as limnite, from Xt w,t (See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh) has the formula Fe(OH)3, or Fe2O3.3H2O . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand there are certain forms of ferric hydrate containing less water than limonite and approaching to haematite in their red colour and streak: such is the mineral which was called hydrohaematite- by A . Breithaupt, and is now generally known under R . See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann's name of turgite, from the mines of Turginsk, near Bogoslovsk in the Ural Mountains . This has the formula Fe40i(OH)2, or 2Fe203•HzO . It probably represents the partial dehydration of limonite, and by further loss of water may pass into haematite or red iron ore . When limonite is dehydrated and deoxidized in the presence of carbonic acid, it may give rise to chalybite .