LINE  MYAFS See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low resistance telephones . The transmitter on See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and high resistance lines worked better by joining, in the manner shown in fig . 7, the microphone, a See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery and the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary of an See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction coil in a See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and putting the line in circuit with the secondary of the induction coil, which acted as the transmitter . The resistance of the microphone can thus be made a large fraction of the See also:

• TOTAL

total resistance of the circuit in which it is placed; hence by using considerable currents, small See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in its resistance can be made to induce somewhat powerful currents in the line See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire . The requisite See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy is derived from the battery . In the earliest See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone switchboards the lines were connected to See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical conducting strips, across which were placed a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of similar See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal strips in such a manner that any horizontal could be connected to any line See also:

• STRIP

strip by the insertion of a plug into holes provided in the strips for the purpose . Any two lines could be connected together by connecting both to the same horizontal strip . The next step of importance was the introduction of what was termed the " See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

Standard See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board." This board was equipped with See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring-jacks and annunciators (calling-drops) for the subscribers' lines, and with flexible cords terminating in plugs for connecting purposes . The spring-See also:

• JACK

jack used was a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of switch with two contact springs which pressed against each other, one being connected to the subscriber's line wire and the other to the annunciator, which was also earthed . When a plug was inserted in the spring-jack the connexion between the springs was opened, disconnecting the calling-drop from the line . Each connecting-See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord circuit had associated with it a clearing-out drop connected between the cord and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key by means of which the operator's speaking and ringing apparatus could be brought into circuit . When a subscriber called (by turning the handle of his magneto-generator), the shutter of the annunciator associated with his line dropped .

This attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the attendant, who in response to the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call inserted a plug into the spring-jack and connected the speaking apparatus to the circuit by means of the key . Then, having obtained particulars of the subscriber's requirement, the operator connected the second plug to the spring-jack of the wanted subscriber, whom she rang up . When the conversation was finished either of the subscribers could See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release the shutter of the clearing-out drop by turning his generator handle, and theoperator thus notified of the fact removed the plugs and discontinued the connexion . The single-wire earthed circuits used in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of telephony were subject to serious disturbances from the induction caused by currents in neighbouring See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph and electric See also:

• LIGHT

light wires, and from the varying potential of the earth due to natural or artificial causes . The introduction of electric tramways caused an enormous increase in disturbances of this classi It was early recognized that a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete metallic circuit would obviate troubles from varying earth potentials, and that if the outgoing and in-coming branches of the circuit were parallel and kept, by trans-position spiralling, or otherwise, at equal See also:

• AVERAGE

average distances from the disturbing wire, induction effects would likewise be removed . These advantages led to the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual supersession of the single-wire See also:

• SYSTEM

system until at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the all-metallic system is employed almost universally . Since the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the system first became prominent all switchboards have been arranged for metallic circuits . Though many types of manually operated switchboards have been brought into use, differing from each other in respect of circuit and working arrangements, yet each of them may be placed in one or other of three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main classes according as the system of working is magneto, call-wire, or See also:

• COMMON

common battery . The fundamental principle of the magneto system has been described in connexion with the " Standard board." 1n a large See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange a number of operators are necessary to attend to calls . Several single switchboards like that described may be employed, each devoted to a certain See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the sub-scribers, and placed in care of an operator . In these circumstances, when, as frequently will be the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person calling desires to be put in communication with a subscriber who belongs to another section, connexions must be established in the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office between the two sections; this necessitates additional switchboard arrangements, and also increases the time required to put subscribers in communication with one another . The difficulty was obviated by the introduction of the " multiple switchboard." This board is built up in sections of one or more operators' positions each .

All the subscribers' lines are connected in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to jacks on the first two or three or four operators' positions, and these connexions are repeated or " multipled " upon each succeeding similar See also:

• GROUP

group of positions . Each subscriber's circuit is further connected to another spring-jack directly associated with the calling-drop . These springacks, known as answering jacks, are distributed along the switch-board, a certain number being terminated upon each position and placed in the care of the operator assigned to that position . Hence this operator, when signalled in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary way, can put any one of these subscribers in connexion with any subscriber whatever, without the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of calling upon another operator to make connexions . Two methods of multipling " have been much used . In the arrangement first introduced the line wire is connected in series through the various spring-jacks, the circuit finally passing through the answering jack to the calling-drop . This arrangement is liable to give trouble, as disconnexions may arise in the spring-jacks in consequence of the failures of the springs to make contact . Operating mistakes also cause interruptions to conversations, as it is possible, by the insertion of a plug in a multiple jack, to disconnect the circuit between two talking subscribers . To overcome these difficulties the " branching multiple " was introduced . In this arrangement, instead of the circuit being made through the jacks in series, each jack is connected to an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch from the main circuit . With the " branching multiple " the " self-restoring drop " was introduced . This apparatus has two coils, one of which, connected across the line, is provided for the purpose of projecting the shutter, while the other is intended for its restoration and is joined in a local circuit arranged to be closed when a plug is inserted in any one of the associated jacks .

It is necessary that the operators working at a multiple board shall be able to ascertain without entering a subscriber's circuit whether the circuit be disengaged . This requirement is usually met by connecting a third or " test " wire to each of the jacks associated with a subscriber's line, and by making the circuit arrangements such that this wire is either disconnected or at earth potential when the line is not in use, and at some potential above or below that of the earth, when the circuit is engaged . With a proper arrangement of the operator's speaking set it is possible, by touching the socket of a jack with the tip of a peg or a See also:

• SPECIAL

special " test " See also:

• THIMBLE

thimble, to determine whether the circuit connected to the jack is in use . Both the series and the branching methods of multipling are recognized at the present time as standard methods, although the former is only employed in comparatively small exchanges . The magneto system itself is dying out . There are still many magneto exchanges in existence, but when new exchanges are erected only the very smallest are equipped for magneto working, that system having succumbed to the common battery one in the case of all equipments of moderate and large dimensions . The " call-wire " system has been used to some extent, but it is now obsolete . The feature of the system was the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of special service circuits, termed call-wires, for purposes of communication ay See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat between the subscribers and the exchange operators . Each sub- causing the See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of the speech in the latter's See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver. scriber was given the exclusive use of a circuit as in other systems, The See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone system, compared with that of See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes, possesses the and shared a call-wire with a number of other sub- scribers . Each telephone set was equipped with EacHnree c a special key or switch by means of which the telephone could be transferred from an exclusive line to the call-wire at will . A subscriber desiring a connexion pressed the key and communicated his own number and that of the wanted subscriber to the operator in attendance on the call-wire . Then, when the connexion was made, the originating subscriber rang up the other .

At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of a conversation the originating subscriber again entered the call-wire and requested the operator to take down the connexion . The call-wires were From the See also:

• POST

Post Office See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

Electrical See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers' See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal . usually equipped with drops in order that the FIG. io.—See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean Common Battery System . exchange might be called at See also:

• NIGHT

night when the operators were not listening continuously . I disadvantage that one of the conditions affecting the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of One of the greatest advances made in the development of the current to any particular subscriber's circuit is the resistance of the See also:

• ART

art of telephony was the introduction of the " common battery relay system." This advance did not merely remove the primary o batteries from the subscribers' stations; it removed also theJ EXCHANGE magneto-generator, and at the same time it modified consider-ably the conditions governing the exchange operating . The calling-drop of the magneto system was displaced by a relay and a small electric incandescent See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp, and whereas in the older system the calling-drop and the answering jack with which it was associated SUBSCRIBER'S were some distance apart, the calling-lamp and the answering jack OFFICE SUBSCRIBER'S CIRCUIT of the newer system were placed in juxtaposition . This alteration improved the operating conditions in three ways . In the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place it increased the visibility of the signalling See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument; in the second place it brought that instrument into the position in LIRE o-which it could most readily catch the operator's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye; and finally it eliminated the effort involved in associating one piece of apparatus with another and in finding that other . Moreover the clearing-out drop of the cord circuit was replaced by an arrangement which included the provision of one See also:

• SIGNAL

signal to be controlled through the agency of a relay by the calling subscriber, and another to be controlled by the person wanted . These supervisory signals took the form of lamps and were placed on the See also:

• KEYBOARD, or MANUAL (Fr. clavier; Ger. Klaviatur; Ital. tastatura)

keyboard in positions immediately adjacent to the associated cords . With the adbption of relays the signalling between the subscribers and the exchange became automatic, and, with the introduction of the principle of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double and automatic supervision on the cord circuits, it became possible for the operators to tell at any instant the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of a connexion . As a result the time occupied by an operator per call was reduced from 50.77 seconds to 16.63 seconds .

Threefundamental common battery transmission systems have been devised and are shown in See also:

• FIGS

figs . 8, 9 and To . In the Hayes system (fig . 8) a repeating coil is placed in the cord circuit, and when two sub-scribers are connected together the winding connected to the line of the subscriber who is talking for the time being acts as primary, and the other, which is in the line of the listening subscriber, as secondary . The conditions permit of the circulation of the alternating currents of low periodicity, which are used for operating the bells, but in respect of the battery the circuit is open until the subscriber lifts the receiver, when the See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook switch, thus released, joins the transmitter with one winding of an induction coil in series across the circuit . A current then flows and I I in passing See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the circuit operates the line relay, with the result that the calling-lamp is lighted . The operator, whose attention is thus attracted, inserts a peg in the jack, then throws over the speaking key of the cord circuit, and having ascertained particulars of the requirement places the other peg of the pair in the nearest multiple jack of the wanted subscriber, whom she proceeds to See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring up . In the meantime the calling- lamp has darkened; and each subscriber's line being equipped with a cut-off relay whose See also:

• FUNCTION

function it is to disconnect the calling variation in resistance of the transmitter spoken into causes a apparatus while -the circuit is in use, the insertion of a peg is See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im- variation of the pressure at the line terminals of the impedance mediately followed by the disappearance of the calling signal . coils, and since those terminals are common to the two circuits The supervisory lamp associated with the peg in the wanted sub- the variable E.M.F. operates in the line of the listening subscriber, scriber's jack glows from the time that the peg is inserted until other circuit to which it is connected for the time being . An improvement in this respect has been effected by the insertion of condensers in the cord circuits, coupled with the use of two EXCHANGE sets of impedance coils, one set on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the condensers . Dean's method (fig. so) embodies the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of supplying current to the transmitters over the line wires in parallel instead of round the See also:

• LOOP

loop circuit, as in the other systems referred to . An earth return is used .

The transmitter is placed in multiple with the primary winding of an induction . coil whose secondary operates in the loop circuit, and See also:

• CON

con- sequently when the transmitter is spoken into, a variable E.M.F. is impressed upon the circuit through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of the induction coil . The impedance coils shown connected between the battery and the lines and between the latter and the transmitters are joined up non-inductively as regards The Stone system (fig . 9) is characterized by the use of imped- the transmitter circuits, but inductively as regards the secondary ance coils between the battery and the line wires . When one of circuits . Figs . II and 12 indicate typical subscriber's and con- two subscribers connected together by this arrangement talks, the necting-cord circuits as equipped by the Western Electric See also:

• COMPANY

Company . ExeHANc At the subscriber's station when the receiver is on the hook From the Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal . "A" The the circuit is through the call-See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell and a See also:

• CONDENSER

condenser . From the Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal . bells was such that not more than two or three persons could be connected without seriously impairing the efficiency of the circuit for speech transmission . An improvement was effected in this respect by the introduction of the " bridging " system, in which the bells possessing high inductance are placed in parallel between the two wires of the circuit .

Although the bells are constantly in circuit their high impedance prevents any appreciable interference with the telephonic currents . In See also:

• AMERICA

America, on farmers' circuits, ten or more stations are frequently connected to one line; . but in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England ten is practically the maximum . In See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city districts the See also:

• MODERN

modern practice is to restrict the number to four stations per line, and to equip the exchanges and stations for selective ringing . In one arrangement, now in extensive use, each telephone set is fitted with a relay of high inductance which is bridged across the circuit in series with a condenser . When the relay is operated it connects a bell between one of the wires of the circuit and earth, while the bell itself is arranged to See also:

• RESPOND

respond to current pulsations in one direction only . The four tele- phones on a circuit are so wired that the relays rt, connect two of the bells between each wire and "~ryyr earth, and further that one of each pair of bells responds to See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive and the other to negative pulsations . This system of course requires that the exchange equipment shall include See also:

• MACHINES

machines capable of delivering a positive pulsating current and a negative pulsating current, besides the usual alternations required for the ringing of ordinary subscribers . In another party line system a See also:

• HARMONIC

harmonic principle is employed : the ringing machines deliver alternating currents of four frequencies, while frequency only . Of the four bells connected to a circuit each responds to a different frequency . See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

Trunk Line Working.—Trunk or long-distance working is complicated by the necessity for recording all calls . The system of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Post Office is worked as follows: A subscriber desiring a long-distance connexion calls tip his local exchange in the ordinary way, and the operator there, being informed that a trunk connexion is desired, extends the subscriber's line to the Post Office by means of a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record circuit . At the Post Office a record operator replies and takes particulars of the connexion, and these are entered upon a See also:

• TICKET (O. Fr. esliquet, also estiquette, mod. etiquette, from Ger. sleeken, to stick up)

ticket .

The record operator then removes her speaking apparatus from the circuit, and the local operator, receiving a disconnect signal, severs the connexion at the local exchange . Meanwhile the ticket is conveyed to the position where the lines to the See also:

• TOWN

town wanted are terminated . If there be a line See also:

• FREE

free, or when the turn of the call is reached, particulars of the connexion wanted are passed to the distant end, and the trunk operators See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request the local exchanges to connect the subscribers by means of junction Answc*,NG PEG e, .. Mw Lw . .M.R Ow.oMU...1 the subscriber responds, when it darkens, in which See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition it remains until the subscriber restores the receiver to the hook and causes the lamp to light up again . The other supervisory lamp on the cord circuit is controlled in a similar manner by the sub-scriber who originated the call, and as that subscriber's telephone is off the hook when the peg is inserted, the lamp is not lighted at all until the subscriber replaces the receiver . When both lamps glow, the operator, who thereby knows that both subscribers have restored their See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, discontinues the connexion . A cord circuit, similar in many respects, including the method From the Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal . of operation, but equipped with condensers and impedance coils, in place of the repeating coil, is shown in fig . 13 . In fig . 11 a See also:

• METER, ELECTRIC

meter or See also:

• COUNTER

counter is shown associated with the sub-scriber's line, and in both figs .

12 and 13 position meters are shown connected to the cord circuits . The operation of these meters is controlled by the operators . The subscriber's meter is joined in multiple with the cut-off relay, and whenever a peg is connected to the circuit a current flows through the meter . This current is small, however, and the meter is not operated until a much larger current is passed through it . Calls are registered by pressing a key, which connects a battery through a position meter of very low resistance to the socket of the line jack, thereby furnishing the necessary energy to the meter . The position meter just mentioned is common to all the cords on one position and records all completed calls handled at the position . Some administrations, in addition to employing the ordinary position meter, use a second one for registering ineffective calls . In large towns served by a number of exchanges the junction equipment is an important feature . In many cases from 6o to 8o per cent. of the calls originated at an exchange are for subscribers con- - a w„ nected to other exchanges, and in these cases the junction plant forms a considerable fraction of the whole equipment . Moreover each call junctioned is dealt with by at least two operators . The junction circuits connecting two exchanges are invariably divided into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, one for See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic from exchange A to exchange B, the other for traffic from B to A . At the outgoing end the circuits are multipled on the subscribers' switch- „., ..

W . board, while at the incoming end they terminate in plugs on a special incoming junction switchboard upon which the subscribers' lines are multipled in the usual way . When a subscriber at exchange A asks for a connexion to a subscriber at B, the operator at A, to whom the request is made, passes the particulars over an order wire to an operator at B . The latter names a disengaged junction circuit, then " tests " the line of the wanted subscriber, and if she finds it free, finally completes the connexion and rings the subscriber . During the progress of these operations the A operator connects the originating subscriber to the junction circuit named by the B operator . There is only one signal on the cord circuit at B, and that signal is controlled by exchange A . Each of the subscribers controls a signal at A, and when either or both of the telephones are replaced, the See also:

• ACTION

action is indicated by the lamps there . See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

Control of the call is thus vested in the operator at the originating exchange, at which point the connexion must be severed before a clearing signal can appear at B . Party Lines.—A circuit which serves more than one subscriber is termed a " party line.” It was originally tiie practice to place the calling apparatus in series in the line circuit, but the effect of the large impedance introduced by the electromagpets of the call- From the Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal . circuits to the trunk exchanges where the necessary connexions are made between the trunk line and the junctions . The call is controlled by the trunk operators, the junction circuits being equipped in such a manner that the subscribers' signals appear at the trunk exchanges, from which point disconnecting signals are sent automatically to the local exchanges, when the connexions between the trunk and the junction circuits are removed . The large modern trunk exchanges are equipped with relays and lamps for signalling purposes .

" Calculographs " are employed for stamping the time upon the tickets, and there is associated with each trunk circuit a See also:

• DEVICE

device which See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights a lamp as soon as the scheduled limit of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of conversation is reached . Particulars of calls are now passed between trunk centres to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent over telegraph circuits superposed upon the trunk o...* . n lines . This arrangement permits particulars of calls to be passed over lines while conversations are in progress . Automatic Systems.—The idea of automatic telephony is to substitute for the operator of the See also:

• MANUAL

manual exchange an electromechanical or other switching system, which, controlled in its See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement by the action of the subscriber, will automatically select, connect and disconnect circuits as desired . Several schemes em-bodying this idea have been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and one of them has been put into extensive operation . Each subscriber's circuit on this system terminates upon the incoming portion of a selector switch, called a first selector, and is multipled upon the outgoing portions of a number of similar switches called connector switches . Only calls originated by a subscriber pass through the selector switch (first selector) provided for his See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole use; the calls incoming to him pass through one or other of the various connector switches upon which his circuit is multipled . Each connexion involves the use of three switches, viz., a first selector, a connector switch, and a second selector which is brought into operation between the other two . The subscribers' lines in an exchange are arranged in groups of See also:

• I000

I000, which are divided in turn into sub-groups of too each . By means of his first selector the circuit of a calling subscriber is connected to the outgoing end of a junction whose other end terminates upon the incoming portion of a second selector in the thousand group to which the wanted subscriber belongs . The second selector in turn extends the connexion by means of another junction circuit to one of the connector switches in the See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred group wanted, while finally the connector switch completes the connexion . One hundred circuits are connected to the outgoing portion of each switch, and the contacts upon which they terminate are arranged in a number of horizontal rows upon the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of a curved See also:

• SURFACE

surface, at whose See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis a vertical See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft is placed .

This shaft, which carries a set of " wipers " connected to the incoming circuit, is susceptible of a vertical and a rotational movement, so that the wipers may be brought, first opposite any particular horizontal series of contacts, and then into actual contact with any particular set in the series . The movements of the shaft are con-trolled by relays and electro-magnets which operate in response to the action of the subscriber whose telephone is fitted with a calling mechanism which, when the subscriber calls, earths the line a certain number of times for each figure in the number of the wanted subscriber . Wire Plant.—In suburban and rural districts subscribers are usually served by means of See also:

• BARE

bare wires erected upon wooden or See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron poles . As subscribers' lines are invariably See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, the smallest See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge of wire possessing the See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical strength necessary to with-stand the stresses to which it may be subjected can be employed, and See also:

• BRONZE

bronze wire weighing 40 lb per mile is commonly used . In large towns telephone See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution by means of open wires is practically impossible, and the employment of cables either laid in the ground or suspended from poles or other overhead supports is necessary . In the types of See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable that were first used, the wires, usually with a See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton insulation, were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn into See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead tubes, and the tubes filled with See also:

• PARAFFIN

paraffin or other similar See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound, which kept the wires from the injurious effects of any moisture which might penetrate the lead See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube . This form of cable has been superseded by a type with See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper insulation . The See also:

• SEPARATE

separate wires are surrounded only with a loose covering of specially prepared paper, which furnishes abundant insulation . In the manufacture of the cable the wires are first enclosed in the paper, which is applied sometimes longitudinally and sometimes spirally . The conductors are then See also:

• TWISTED

twisted in pairs with definite See also:

• LAYS

lays . These pairs are laid up symmetrically into cables, each layer being protected with an additional covering of paper and all adjacent layers revolving with an opposite twist . The cable is then placed in an See also:

• OVEN (O. Eng. of n,Ger. Ofen, cf. Gr. Irvin, oven)

oven, and, after all moisture has been driven off, it is passed through a lead See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press whence it emerges protected by a continuous lead See also:

• PIPE

pipe .

The electrostatic capacity of a cable of this type is low, and its dimensions are small, the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of a cable containing 1600 ten-lb conductors being only 21 in . The conductors used for subscribers' circuits are of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper weighing from to to 20 lb per mile . Junction circuits are usually made up of 20 or 40 lb conductors . When a number of cables follow the same route, they are gene-rally laid in conduits made up of earthenware or See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement ducts; iron pipes are used when the number of cables is small . Manholes are placed at intervals in the line of ducts to facilitate the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing in and jointing of the cables, and surface boxes are placed in the footways for distributing purposes . Various methods of making the connexions between the large main cables and the subscribers are in use . In one system the main cables terminate in large See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-tight iron boxes placed in the manholes . There, the large cables See also:

• DIVIDE

divide into a number of small cables, which are carried along the footways in pipes and are tapped at suitable points to serve sub-scribers . Another method of distribution, largely adopted, is to run the lead cables into the interior of blocks of buildings, and to ternnate them there in iron boxes from which the circuits are distributed to the surrounding buildings by means of See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber-covered wires run along the walls . Aerial distribution from distributingpoles is a method frequently adopted . In this case the cables terminate upon the poles, the connexions between the cable wires and the open wires being made with rubber-covered leads . The introduction in 1883 of the hard-drawn copper wire of high conductivity invented in 1877, by T .

B . Doolittle was of the greatest importance in rendering the use of long lines practicable, and it is universally employed for such service . Wire weighing between' 15o and 400 lb per mile is generally used . The New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York-See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago line, built in 1892, is of wire 165 millimetres in diameter (No, 8 See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham), weighing 435 lb per mile and having a resistance of 2.05 ohms per mile . Speech has been habitually transmitted for business purposes over a distance of 1542.3 m., viz., over the lines of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Telegraph and Telephone Company from See also:

• OMAHA

Omaha to See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston . Conversation has been carried on over 2200 M. of No . 8 line . As no See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• PROCESS

process of telephone relaying has been devised, it is extremely important that the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the line should be such as to favour the preservation of the strength and form of the telephone current . In circuits possessing high resistance and capacity and low inductance per mile, telephonic currents are rapidly attenuated, and the higher the frequency the more rapid is the attenuation . Moreover, as the velocity of See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation is a function of the frequency, there is distortion of the complex waves . See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver Heaviside showed mathematically that uniformly-distributed inductance in a telephone line would diminish both attenuation and distortion, and that if the inductance were great enough and the insulation resistance not too high the circuit would be distortionless, while currents of all frequencies would be equally attenuated . Following up this idea, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor M .

I . Pupin showed that by placing inductance coils in circuit, at distances apart of less than See also:

• HALF

half the length of the shortest component See also:

• WAVE

wave to be transmitted, a non-See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform conductor could be made approximately equal to a uniform conductor . Many circuits have been " loaded " in the manner proposed by Pupin during See also:

• RECENT

recent years, especially in underground cables, and it has been found in practice that the transmission value of these when loaded is approximately from three to four times their value unloaded . Open aerial long-distance lines have also been loaded, but not to the same extent . The introduction-of inductance coils into such circuits renders them more susceptible to trouble from atmospheric See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity and more sensitive to leakage variations . In consequence of their high capacity, the attenuation See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant of submarine cables is high, and only a small number of cables, of comparatively short length, are in use for telephonic purposes . Attempts have been made to improve submarine cables in this respect, and in 1906 a short cable " loaded " with Pupin coils was laid across See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance . The problem, however, of constructing a deep-See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea cable satisfactorily, with suitable inductance coils inserted at short distances apart, is a difficult one, and one which it cannot be said has been solved . (H . R . K.) Commercial Aspects.—The records of the telephone See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain during the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years from 1877 to 1907 form an instructive See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter in the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The aspects which stand out most prominently in this history are: (a) The vacillation of successive governments due to the conflicting policies adopted from time to time to protect the telegraph revenues of the Post Office and to avoid the suppression of an enterprise which was becoming a public necessity and yielding substantial royalties to the Postmaster-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General .

(b) The obstructive use made by the local authorities of their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto underground wayleaves . (c) The remark-able success achieved by the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Telephone Company, despite these obstacles, in developing an extensive organization and a profitable business . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief events in See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological order are: 1876 . See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham Bell's telephone patent was granted for the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . 1877 . See also:

• EDISON, THOMAS ALVA (1847– )

Edison's telephone patent was granted for the United Kingdom . 1878 . Professor D . E . See also:

• HUGHES, DAVID EDWARD (1831-1900)
• HUGHES, HUGH PRICE (1847-19o2)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1797-1864)
• HUGHES, SIR EDWARD (c. 1720-1794)
• HUGHES, THOMAS
• HUGHES, THOMAS (1822-1896)

Hughes invented the microphone, but did not apply for letters patent . The Telephone Company, Limited, was formed to acquire Bell's patent . During the passage of the Telegraph See also:

• BILL

Bill 1878 through See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament the Postmaster-General endeavoured, without success, to insert a clause declaring that the See also:

• TERM

term " telegraph " included " any apparatus for transmitting messages or other communications with the aid of electricity, See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism, or any other like agency." 1879 .

The Edison Telephone Company of See also:

• LONDON

London was formed . Both the Bell and the Edison Companies opened negotiations with the Post Office far the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of their See also:

• PATENTS

patents to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but without success . The Edison Company announced its intention to start telephone business in London, and the Postmaster-General instituted proceedings against the company for infringement of his See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly rights under the Telegraph See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1869 . 1880 . The two companies amalgamated as the United Telephone Company Ltd . Mr See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen decided (See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

Attorney-General v . Edison Telephone Company, 6 Q.B.D., 244) that the telephone was a telegraph, and that telephone exchange business could not legally be carried on except by the Postmaster-General or with his consent . The decision covered also future invention in regard to " every organized system of communication by means of wires according to any preconcerted system of signals." 1881 . The company's See also:

• APPEAL

appeal against the decision was withdrawn, the Postmaster-General agreeing to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant licences for restricted areas of about 5 m. in London and about 2 m. in the provinces . The licences merely condoned the infringement of the Telegraph Act 1869, and did not confer See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to erect poles and wires on, or to place wires under, any See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway or private See also:

• PROPERTY

property . The licensee was precluded from opening public call offices and from laying trunk lines from one town to another . The licences were for 31 years, expiring in 1922, without any provision for See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase or See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation, and were subject to the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a minimum See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty to the Post Office of to per cent. of the See also:

• GROSS

gross revenues .

The United Telephone Company confined its operations to London; subsidiary companies were formed to operate in the provinces . The Post Office at the same time established several telephone exchanges in provincial towns so as to enable the Postmaster-General " to negotiate with the telephone companies in a satisfactory manner for licences." 1882 . The Postmaster-General (Mr See also:

• FAWCETT, HENRY (1833-1884)
• FAWCETT, JOHN (1768-1837)

Fawcett) declared that he would issue no more licences unless the licensees agreed to sell telephones to the Post Office . As a result only eight companies out of over seventy that had applied obtained or accepted licences . 1883 . The Post Office proposed to engage in active competition with the telephone companies, but the See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury at that time opposed this policy on the ground that the state should at most be ready to supplement and not to supersede private enterprise . 1884 . The licences within restricted areas having proved unsuitable for the growing business, public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion appealed to the Post Office to issue new licences applicable to the whole country . All limitations of areas were removed and licensees were allowed to open public call offices but not to receive or deliver written messages, and they were allowed to erect trunk wires . The royalty of to per cent. was continued . The Post Office reserved the right to compete either directly or by granting other licences, and it was under no See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation to grant way-leaves . The new licences were to terminate in 1911 without any provision for purchase or compensation in that See also:

• YEAR

year, but with the See also:

• OPTION (Lat. optio, choice, choosing, optare, to choose)

option to the government to purchase the plant of the licensees in 1890, 1897, or 1904 at a See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price to be deter-See also:

• MINED

mined by See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration .

The United Telephone Company asked parliament for rights of way in streets but was refused, and its only right to place overhead wires was obtained by private wayleaves . 1885 . The United Telephone Company again applied unsuccessfully for right to See also:

• LAY

lay wires underground . 1888 . The application of the company for permission to lay wires in streets was again refused . 1889 . After the withdrawal of the restriction against the companies erecting trunk wires it became evident that the development of the telephone services throughout the country would be facilitated by complete intercommunication and uniformity of systems, and that economies could be effected by concentration of management . The various companies therefore amalgamated as the National Telephone Company . 1890 . The government had the option to buy out the companies under the licences of 1884, but did not exercise it . The Bell telephone patents expired . The National Telephone Company applied to the London See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council for permission to lay wires underground and continued efforts till 1899 to obtain this power, but without success .

1891 . The See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough, in the name of the New Telephone Company, inaugurated a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign for cheaper telephone services, but the New Telephone Company was subsequently merged in the National Telephone Company . 1892 . The National Telephone Company again applied to parliament for powers to lay wires underground; public discontent with inadequate telephone services was expressed, and at the same time the "competition of the telephone with the Post Office telegraph became more See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest . The government again changed its policy . It compelled the companies to sell their trunk wires to the Post Office, leaving the local exchanges in the hands of the companies . It also expressed willingness that the companies should have rights of way in the streets . 1893 . The National Telephone Company again applied to parliament for power to lay wires underground, but was refused . 1894 . The draft agreement between the government and the National Telephone Company to carry out the policy of 1892 was submitted. to parliament and led to much discussion . Local authorities (particularly London and See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow) refused to permit the company to lay wires underground .

1895 . A select See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons (with Mr See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold See also:

• MORLEY
• MORLEY [oP BLACKBURN], JOHN MORLEY
• MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• MORLEY, GEORGE (1597-1684)
• MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894)
• MORLEY, SAMUEL (18o9–1886)

Morley, Postmaster-General, as chairman) was appointed " to consider and See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report whether the provision now made for the telephone service in local areas is adequate, and whether it is expedient to supplement or improve this See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision either by the granting of licences to local authorities or otherwise." The committee was not unanimous and made no report, but merely submitted to the House the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence it had taken . 1896 . The trunk wires were transferred to the Post Office in pursuance of the policy of 1892, but for all practical purposes the local authorities had vetoed the permission of the government to the company to lay wires underground . 1897 . The government had an option to purchase the plant of the company under the licences of 1884, but did not exercise it . The See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of Glasgow having persisted in its efforts to obtain a See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence, the Treasury appointed See also:

• SHERIFF

Sheriff See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• JAMESON (or JAMESONE), GEORGE (c. 1587–1644)
• JAMESON, ANNA BROWNELL (1794-1860)
• JAMESON, LEANDER STARR (1853– )
• JAMESON, ROBERT (1774-1854)

Jameson (afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Ardwall) a special See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner to hold a local inquiry in Glasgow to report whether the telephone service in that city was adequate and efficient and whether it was expedient to grant the corporation a licence . The commissioner reported that the service was adequate but not efficient; that the rates were reasonable but that the corporation was responsible for unreasonably withholding facilities, thus rendering the service inefficient; that it was inexpedient to grant the corporation a licence because the funds of a city ought not to be applied for the benefit of a limited class of citizens; that delay and See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste would result from two systems in one See also:

• AREA

area and would increase the difficulties of the government in 1911; and that the corporation had not proved it could See also:

• WORK

work the licence without placing a See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden on the rates . 1898 . The policy of the government was again changed; Mr R . W . Hanbury, See also:

• FINANCIAL

Financial Secretary to the Treasury and representative in the House of Commons of the Postmaster-General, advocated the granting of licences to local authorities .

A select committee was appointed with Mr Hanbury as chairman to consider " whether the telephone service is calculated to become of such general benefit. as to justify its being undertaken by municipal and other local authorities, and if so under what conditions." The committee reported (9th See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) that the telephone service was not likely to become of general benefit so long as the present practical monopoly in the hands of a private company shall continue." The committee considered that the Post Office was not prevented either by legal agreement or by See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good faith from limiting or ending the monopoly of the company, and that competition appeared to be both expedient and necessary in order to extend and popularize the service and to avoid the danger that a purchase of the company's undertaking at an inflated price might be forced upon the government . While considering that a really efficient Post Office service would afford the best means for securing such competition, it recommended that general, immediate and effective competition should at once be undertaken either by the Post Office or by local authorities . The Association of Municipal Corporations passed resolutions on the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April that " the subject of telephonic supply should be treated as an imperial and not as a local one, and that the Postmaster-General should have the sole control of the telephone system," and " that in the event of the Postmaster-General not taking over the telephone service it should be competent for municipal and other local authorities to undertake such services within areas composed of their own districts or See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of such districts." 1899 . In pursuance of the report of the select committee, 1898, the Telegraph Act 1899 was passed to enable the Post Office to develop its telephone exchange business, for which a See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of z,000,000 was sanctioned, and to empower local authorities, subject to certain conditions, to enter upon telephone business . The licence of the National Telephone Company was extended so as to be co-extensive with that of a competitive licence for any locality on condition that the company should afford intercommunication with the telephone systems of the new licensees . In short, all-round competition was authorized, and the Post Office decided to establish a telephone system in London in competition with the company . 1900 . The Telegraph Act 1899, while providing for intercommunication between the telephone systems of the local authorities and the company, did not give the Post Office the right to demand intercommunication between its exchanges and those of the company . The Post Office co-operated with the London County Council to put difficulties in the way of the company which had placed wires underground in London with the consent of the local road authorities . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February the Postmaster-General applied for an See also:

• INJUNCTION (from Lat. injungere, to fasten, or attach to, to lay a burden or charge on, to enjoin)

injunction to restrain the company from opening any See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street or public road within the county of London without the consent of the Postmaster-General and the London County Council, which injunction was granted in See also: