See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

SIMON See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

NICHOLAS See also:

• HENRI

HENRI See also:

• SIMON NICHOLAS HENRI LINGUET (1736-1794)

LINGUET (1736-1794)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French journalist and See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July 1736, at See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, whither his See also:

• FATHER

father, the assistant See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal in the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College de See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, had recently been exiled by lettre de cachet for engaging in the Jansenist controversy . He attended the College de Beauvais and won the three highest prizes there in 1751 . He accompanied the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine of Zweibriicken to See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, and on his return to Paris he devoted himself to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . He published partial French See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of See also:

• CALDERON, RODRIGO (d. 1621), COUNT OF OLIVA AND MARQUES DE LAS SIETE IGLESIAS

Calderon and Lope de See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega, and, wrote parodies for the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera Comique and See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets in favour of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits . Received at first in the ranks of the philosophes, he soon went over to their opponents, possibly more from contempt than from conviction, the immediate occasion for his See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change being a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with d'See also:

• ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND

Alembert in 1762 . Thenceforth he violently attacked whatever was considered See also:

• MODERN

modern and enlightened, and while he delighted society with his numerous sensational pamphlets, he aroused the fear and hatred of his opponents by his stinging wit . He was admitted to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar in 1764, and soon became one of the most famous pleaders of his See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . But in spite of his brilliant ability and his See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of having lost but two cases, the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter attacks which he directed against his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates, especially against Gerbier (1725-1788), caused his dismissal from the bar in 1775 . He then turned to journalism and began the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal de politique et de liteerature, which he employed for two years in See also:

• LITERARY

literary, philosophical and legal criticisms . But a sarcastic See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on the French See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy compelled him to turn over the Journal to La Harpe and seek See also:

• REFUGE

refuge abroad . See also:

• LINGUET, SIMON NICHOLAS HENRI (1736-1794)

Linguet, however, continued his career of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• LANCE

lance, now attacking and now supporting the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, in the Annales poliliques, dudes et litteraires, published from 1777 to 1792, first at See also:

• LONDON

London, then at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels and finally at Paris . Attempting to return to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 178o he was arrested for a See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic attack on the duc de Duras (1715-1789), an academician and See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of France, and imprisoned nearly two years in the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille .

He then went to London, and thence to Brussels, where, for his support of the reforms of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II., he was ennobled and granted an honorarium of one thousand ducats . In 1786 he was permitted by See also:

• VERGENNES, CHARLES GRAVIER, COMTE DE (1717-1787)

Vergennes to return to France as an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian counsellor of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and to See also:

• SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

sue the duc d'See also:

• AIGUILLON, EMMANUEL ARMAND DE WIGNEROD DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU
• AIGUILLON, MARIE MADELEINE DE WIGNEROD DU PONT DE COURLAY, DUCHESSE

Aiguillon (1730-1798), the former See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV., for fees due him for legal services rendered some fifteen years earlier . He obtained See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment to the amount of 24,000 livres . Linguet received the support of See also:

• MARIE

Marie Antoinette; his fame at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time surpassed that of his See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• BEAUMARCHAIS, PIERRE AUGUSTIN CARON DE (1732-1799)

Beaumarchais, and almost excelled that of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire . Shortly afterwards he visited the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna to plead the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• VAN

Van der Noot and the rebels of See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant . During the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the Revolution he issued several pamphlets against See also:

• MIRABEAU, ANDRE BONIFACE LOUIS RIQUETI, VICOMTE DE (1754-1792)
• MIRABEAU, HONORS GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE (1749-1791)
• MIRABEAU, VICTOR RIQUETI, MARQUIS DE (1715-1789)

Mirabeau, who returned his See also:

• ILL

ill-will with See also:

• INTEREST

interest, calling him " the ignorant and bombastic M . Linguet, advocate of Neros, sultans and viziers." On his return to Paris in 1791 he defended the rights of See also:

• SAN

San Domingo before the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . His last See also:

• WORK

work was a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Louis XVI . He retired to Marnes near Ville d'Avray to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the Terror, but was sought out and summarily condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death " for having flattered the despots of Vienna and London." He was guillotined at Paris on the 27th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1794 . Linguet was a prolific writer in many See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . Examples of his attempted See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical writing are Histoire du siecle d'See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre le See also:

• GRAND

Grand (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1762), and Histoire impartiale See also:

• DES

des Jesuites (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1768), the latter condemned to be burned . His opposition to the philosophes had its strongest expressions in Fanatssme des philosophes (See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva and Paris, 1764) and Histoire des revolutions de l'See also:

• EMPIRE

empire romain (Paris, 1766-1768) .

His Theorie des Lois civiles (London, 1767) is a vigorous defence of See also:

• ABSOLUTISM

absolutism and attack on the politics of See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu . His best legal See also:

• TREATISE

treatise is Memoire pour le See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Morangies (Paris, 1772) ; Linguet's imprisonment in the Bastille afforded him the opportunity of writing his Memoires sur la Bastille, first published in London in 1789; it has been translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English (See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, 1783, and See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1884–1887), and is the best of his See also:

• WORKS

works though untrustworthy . See A . Deverite, See also:

• NOTICE

Notice pour servir a l'histoire de la See also:

• VIE

vie et des ecrits de S . N . H . Linguet (See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege, 1782); Gardoz, Essai hsstorique sur la vie et See also:

• LES

les ouvrages de Linguet (See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon, 1808) : J . F . Barriere, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs de Linguet et de See also:

• LATUDE, JEAN HENRI

Latude (Paris, 1884) ; Ch, . Monselet, Les Oubliis et les dedaignes (Paris, 1885), pp . I-41; H . Monin, " Notice sur Linguet," in the 1889 edition of Memozres sur to Bastille; J .

Cruppi, Un avocat journaliste au 18' siecle, Linguet (Paris, 1895); A . Philipp . Linguet, etin Nationalokonom des X VIII Jahrhunderts in seinen rechtlichen, socialen and volkswirlschaftlichen Anschauungen (See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 1896); A . Lichtenberger, Le Socialisme utopique (1898), pp . 77-131 .