PER HENRIK See also:

• PER HENRIK LING (1776-1839)

LING (1776-1839)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish medical-gymnastic practitioner, son of a See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Ljunga in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden in 1776 . He studied divinity, and took his degree in 1797, but then went abroad for some years, first to See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, where he taught See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, and then to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Pecuniary straits injured his See also:

• HEALTH

health, and he suffered much from See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism, but he had acquired mean-while considerable proficiency in gymnastics and See also:

• FENCING

fencing . In 1804 he returned to Sweden, and established himself as a teacher in these arts at See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund, being appointed in 18o5 fencing-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master to the university . He found that his daily exercises had completely restored his bodily health, and his thoughts now turned towards applying this experience for the benefit of others . He attended the classes on See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy and See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, and went through the entire curriculum for the training of a See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor; he then elaborated a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of gymnastics, divided into four branches, (I) pedagogical, (2) medical, (3) military, (4) aesthetic, which carried out his theories . After several attempts to See also:

• INTEREST

interest the Swedish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling at last in 1813 obtained their co-operation, and the Royal Gymnastic Central See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, for the training of gymnastic instructors, was opened in See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, with himself as See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal . The orthodox medical practitioners were naturally opposed to the larger claims made by Ling and his pupils respecting the cure of diseases—so far at least as anything more than the occasional benefit of some See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of skilfully applied " See also:

• MASSAGE

massage " was concerned; but the fact that in 1831 Ling was elected a member of the Swedish See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Medical Association shows that in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country at all events his methods were regarded as consistent with professional recognition . Ling died in 1839, having previously named as the repositories of his teaching his pupils Lars See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel Branting (1799-,881), who succeeded him as principal of the Institute, and Karl See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus Georgii, who became sub-director; his son, Hjalmar Ling (182o-1886), being for many years associated with them . All these, together with See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major Thure Brandt, who from about 1861 specialized in the treatment of See also:

• WOMEN

women (gynecological gymnastics), are regarded as the pioneers of Swedish medical gymnastics . It may be convenient to summarize here the later See also:

• HISTORY

history of Ling's system of medical gymnastics . A Gymnastic Orthopaedic Institute at Stockholm was founded in 1822 by Dr Nils See also:

• AKERMAN, JOHN YONGE (1806-1873)

Akerman, and after 1827 received a government See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant; and Dr Gustaf Zander elaborated a medico-See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical system of gymnastics, known by his name, about 1857, and started his Zander Institute at Stockholm in 1865 .

At the Stockholm Gymnastic Central Institute qualified medical men have supervised the medical See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department since 1864; the course is three years (one See also:

• YEAR

year for qualified doctors) . Broadly speaking, there have been two streams of development in the Swedish gymnastics founded on Ling's beginnings—either in a conservative direction, making certain forms of gymnastic exercises subsidiary to the prescriptions of orthodox medical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, or else in an extremely progressive direction, making these exercises a substitute for any other treatment, and claiming them as a cure for disease by themselves . Modern medical science recognizes fully the importance of properly selected exercises in preserving the See also:

• BODY

body from many ailments; but the more extreme claim, which rules out the use of drugs in disease altogether, has naturally not been admitted . Modern professed disciples of Ling are divided, the representative of the more extreme See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section being Henrik See also:

• KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK (1751–1795)

Kellgren (b . 1837), who has a See also:

• SPECIAL

special school and following . Ling and his earlier assistants See also:

• LEFT

left no proper written See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their treatment, and most of the literature on the subject is repudiated by one set or other of the gymnastic practitioners . Dr Anders Wide, M.D., of Stockholm, has published a Handbook of Medical Gymnastics (See also:

• ENGLISH

English edition, 1899), representing the more conservative practice . Henrik Kellgren's system, which, though based on Ling's, admittedly goes beyond it, is described in The Elements of Kellgren's See also:

• MANUAL

Manual Treatment (1903), by See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar F . Cyriax, who before taking the M.D. degree at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh had passed out of the Stockholm Institute as a ' gymnastic director." See also the encyclopaedic See also:

• WORK

work on Sweden: its See also:

• PEOPLE

People and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry (1904), p . 348, edited by G . Sundbarg for the Swedish government: LING' (Molva vulgaris), a See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Gadidae, which is readily recognized by its See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long body, two dorsal fins (of which the anterior is much shorter than the posterior), single long anal fin, See also:

• SEPARATE

separate caudal fin, a See also:

• BARBEL (Barbus vulgaris)

barbel on the See also:

• CHIN

chin and large See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth in the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw and on the See also:

• PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed)

palate . Its usual length is from 3 to 4 ft., but individuals of 5 or 6 ft. in length, and some 70 lb in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, have been taken .

The ling is found in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, from Spitzbergen and See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland southwards to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . Its proper See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home is the North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, especially on the coasts of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, it occurs in great abundance, generally at some distance from the See also:

• LAND

land, in depths varying between 50 and roo fathoms . During the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months it approaches the shores, when great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers are caught by means of long lines . On the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Atlantic it is less See also:

• COMMON

common, although generally distributed along the south coast of See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland and on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland . Ling is one of the most valuable See also:

• SPECIES

species of the See also:

• COD

cod-fish family; a certain number are consumed fresh, but by far the greater portion are prepared for exportation to various countries (Germany, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy) . They are either salted and sold as " See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-fish," or split from See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head to tail and dried, forming, with similarly prepared cod and See also:

• COAL

coal-fish, the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of which during See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent immense quantities are consumed in Germany and elsewhere under the name of stock-fish." The oil is frequently extracted from the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver and used by the poorer classes of the coast See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population for the See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp or as See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine .