LINNAEUS  , the name usually given to CARL VON LINNE (1707-1778), See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish botanist, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 13th of May, O.S . (May 23, N.S.) 1707 at Rashult, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Smaland, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, and was the eldest See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of Nils Linnaeus the comminister, afterwards pastor, of the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish, and See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina Brodersonia, the daughter of the previous See also:

• INCUMBENT (from Lat. incumbere, to lean, lie upon)

incumbent . In 1717 he was sent to the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary school at Wexio, and in 1724 he passed to the gymnasium . His interests were centred on See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, and his progress in the studies considered necessary for See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to See also:

• HOLY

holy orders, for which he was intended, was so slight that in 1726 his See also:

• FATHER

father was recommended to apprentice him to a tailor or shoemaker . He was saved from this See also:

• FATE

fate through Dr Rothman, a physician in the See also:

• TOWN

town, who expressed the belief that he would yet distinguish himself in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, and who further instructed him in See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology . In 1727 he entered the university of See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund, but removed in the following See also:

• YEAR

year to that of See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala . There, through lack of means, he had a hard struggle until, in 1729, he made the acquaintance of Dr See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf See also:

• CELSIUS, ANDERS (1701-1744)

Celsius (1670-1756), See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time working at his Hierobotanicon, which saw the See also:

• LIGHT

light nearly twenty years later . Celsius, impressed with Linnaeus's knowledge and botanical collections, and finding him necessitous, offered him See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board and lodging . During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, he came upon a critique which ultimately led to the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of his artificial See also:

• SYSTEM

system of plant See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification . This was a See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of Sebastien Vaillant's Serino de Structura Florum (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1718), a thin See also:

• QUARTO

quarto in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and Latin; it set him upon examining the stamens and pistils of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, and, becoming convinced of the See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount importance of these See also:

• ORGANS

organs, he formed the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of basing a system of arrangement upon them . Another See also:

• WORK

work by Wallin, Papos 4 (n- ev, sive Nuptiae Arborum Dissertatio (Upsala, 1729), having fallen into his hands, he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the sexes of See also:

• PLANTS

plants, which was placed in the hands of the younger Olaf Rudbeck (166o-1740), the professor of botany in the university . In the following year Rudbeck, whose advanced See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age compelled him to lecture by See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy, appointed Linnaeus his adjunctus; in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1730, therefore, the latter began his lectures .

The See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden was entirely remodelled under his auspices, and furnished with many rare See also:

• SPECIES

species, In the preceding year he had solicited See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to the vacant See also:

• POST

post of gardener, which was refused him on the ground of his capacity for better things . In 1732 he undertook to explore See also:

• LAPLAND, or LAPPLAND

Lapland, at the cost of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences of Upsala; he traversed upwards of 4600 m., and the cost of the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey is given at S30 See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper dollars, or about b5 See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . His own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account was published in See also:

• ENGLISH

English by See also:

• SIR

Sir J . E . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Lachesis Lapponica, in 1811; the scientific results were published in his See also:

• FLORA

Flora Lapponica (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1737) . In 1733 Linnaeus was engaged at Upsala in teaching the methods of See also:

• ASSAYING

assaying ores, but was prevented from delivering lectures on botany for academic reasons . At this juncture the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• DALECARLIA (Dalarne, " the Dales ")

Dalecarlia invited him to travel through his province, as he had done through Lapland . Whilst on this journey, he lectured at Fahlun to large audiences; and J . Browallius (1707-1755), the See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain there, afterwards See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• ABO (Finnish Turku)

Abo, strongly urged him to go abroad and take his degree of M.D. at a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign university, by which means he could afterwards See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle where he pleased . Accordingly he See also:

• LEFT

left Sweden in 1735 . Travelling by See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck and See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, he proceeded to Harderwijk, where he went through the requisite See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations, and defended his thesis on the cause of intermittent See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever . His scanty funds were now nearly spent, but he passed on through See also:

• HAARLEM

Haarlem to Leiden; there he called on See also:

• JAN

Jan Fredrik See also:

• GRONOVIUS (the latinized form of GROrrov), JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1611—1671)

Gronovius (169o-1762), who, returning the visit, was shown the Systema naturae in MS., and was so greatly astonished at it that he sent it to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press at his own expense .

This famous system, which, artificial as it was, substituted See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for confusion, largely made its way on account of the lucid and admirable See also:

• LAWS

laws, and comments on them, which were issued almost at the same time (see BOTANY) . H . See also:

• BOERHAAVE, HERMANN (1668–1738)

Boerhaave, whom Linnaeus saw after waiting eight days for admission, recommended him to J . Burman (1707—1780), the professor of botany at Amsterdam, with whom he stayed a twelvemonth . While there he issued his Fundamenta Botanica, an Unassuming small See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo, which exercised immense See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . For some time also he lived with the wealthy banker, G . See also:

• CLIFFORD
• CLIFFORD, JOHN (1836- )
• CLIFFORD, WILLIAM KINGDON (1845-1879)

Clifford (168 17J0), who had a magnificent garden at Hartecamp, near Haarlem . In 1736 Linnaeus visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . He was warmly recommended by Boerhaave to Sir Hans See also:

• SLOANE, SIR HANS (1660-1753)

Sloane, who seems to have received him coldly . At See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Dr See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856– )
• SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818–1885)
• SHAW, LEMUEL (1781–1861)
• SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )

Shaw welcomed him cordially; J . J . Dillenius, the professor of botany, was See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold at first, but afterwards changed completely, kept him a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, and even offered to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the emoluments of the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair with him .

He saw See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller (1691—1771); the Hortulanorum Princeps, at See also:

• CHELSEA

Chelsea Physic Garden, and took some plants thence to Clifford; but certain other stories which are current about his visit to England are of very doubtful authenticity . On his return to the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands he completed the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing of his Genera Plantarum, a See also:

• VOLUME

volume which must be considered the starting-point of See also:

• MODERN

modern systematic botany . During the same year, 1737, he finished arranging Clifford's collection of plants, living and dried, described in the Hortus Cliffortianus . During the compilation he used to " amuse " himself with See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up the Critica Botanica, also printed in the Netherlands . But this strenuous and unremitting labour told upon him; the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries seemed to oppress him beyond endurance; and, resisting all Clifford's entreaties to remain with him, he started homewards, yet on the way he remained a year at Leiden, and published his Classes Plantarum (1738) . He then visited See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he saw See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine and See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard de See also:

• JUSSIEU, DE

Jussieu, and finally sailed for Sweden from See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1738 he established himself as a physician in See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, but, being unknown as a medical See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, no one at first cared to consult him; by degrees, however, he found patients, was appointed See also:

• NAVAL

naval physician at Stockholm, with See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor appointments, and in See also:

• JUNE

June 1739 married Sara Morea . In 1741 he was appointed to the chair of medicine at Upsala, but soon exchanged it for that of botany . In the same year, previous to this See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, he travelled through See also:

• OLAND

Oland and Gothland, by command of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing his results in Oldndska och Gothlandska Resa (1745) . The See also:

• INDEX

index to this volume shows the first. employment of specific names in nomenclature . Henceforward his time was taken up by teaching and the preparation of other See also:

• WORKS

works . In 1745 he issued his Flora Suecica and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna Suecica, the latter having occupied his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention during fifteen years; afterwards, two volumes of observations made during journeys in Sweden, Wastgota Resa (Stockholm, 1747), and Skdnska Resa (Stockholm, 1751) .

In 1748 he brought out his Hortus Upsaliensis, showing that he had added eleven See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred species to those formerly in cultivation in that garden . In 1750 his Philosophia Botanica was given to the See also:

• WORLD

world; it consists of a commentary on the various axioms he had published in 1735 in his Fundamenta Botanica, and was dictated to his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil P . Loffing (1729-1756), while the professor was confined to his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed by an attack of See also:

• GOUT

gout . But the most important work of this period was his Species Plantarum (Stockholm, 1753), in which the specific names are fully set forth . In the same year he was created See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the Polar See also:

• STAR

Star, the first time a scientific man had been raised to that See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in Sweden . In 1755 he was invited by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain to settle in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, with a liberal See also:

• SALARY

salary, and full See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience, but he declinedon the ground that whatever merits he possessed should be devoted to his country's service, and Lofling was sent instead . He was enabled now to 'See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase the estates of Safja and Hammarby; at the latter he built his museum of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, to guard against loss by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . His lectures at the university drew men from all parts of the world; the normal number of students at Upsala was five hundred, but while he occupied the chair of botany there it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to fifteen hundred . In 1761 he was granted a patent of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, antedated to 1757, from which time he was styled Carl von Linne . To his See also:

• GREAT

great delight the See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea-plant was introduced alive into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in 1763; in the same year his surviving son Carl (1741—1783) was allowed to assist his father in his professorial duties, and to be trained as his successor . At the age of sixty his memory began to fail; an apoplectic attack in 1774 greatly weakened him; two years after he lost the use of his right See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side; and he died on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1778 at Upsala, in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of which he was buried . With Linnaeus arrangement seems to have been a See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion; he delighted in devising classifications, and not only did he systematize the three kingdoms of nature, but even drew up a treatise on the Genera Morborum .

When he appeared upon the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene, new plants and animals were in course of daily See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery in increasing See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, due to the increase of trading facilities; he devised schemes of arrangement by which these acquisitions might be sorted See also:

• PRO

pro-visionally, until their natural See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities should have become clearer . He made many mistakes; but the honour due to him for having first enunciated the principles for defining genera and species, and his See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform use of specific names, is enduring . His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is terse and laconic; he methodically treated of each See also:

• ORGAN

organ in its proper turn, and had a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• TERM

term for each, the meaning of which did not vary . The reader cannot doubt the author's intention; his sentences are business-like and to the point . The omission of the verb in his descriptions was an innovation, and gave an abruptness to his See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language which was foreign to the See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing of his time; but it probably by its succinctness added to the popularity of his works . No modern naturalist has impressed his own See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character with greater force upon his pupils than did Linnaeus . He imbued them with his own intense acquisitiveness, reared them in an atmosphere of See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, trained them to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and accurate observation, and then despatched them to various parts of the globe . His published works amount to more than one hundred and eighty, including the Amoenitates Academicae, for which he provided the material, revising them also for press; corrections in his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-writing may be seen in the Banksian and Linnean Society's See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries . Many of his works were not published during his lifetime; those which were are enumerated by Dr See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Pulteney in his See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General View of the Writings of Linnaeus (1781) . His widow sold his collections and books to Sir J . E . Smith, the first See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Linnean Society of See also:

• LONDON

London .

When Smith died in 1828, a subscription was raised to purchase the See also:

• HERBARIUM, or HORTUS

herbarium and library for the Society, whose See also:

• PROPERTY

property they became . The See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of many of Linnaeus's publications, and the letters he received from his contemporaries, also came into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Society . (B . D .