See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

LION (See also:

• LAT

Lat, See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

leo, leonis; Gr. See also:

• MEW

Mew)  . From the earliest historic times few animals have been better known to See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man than the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion . Its See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat made it See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to all the races among whom human See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization took its origin . The literature of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews abounds in allusions to the lion; and the almost incredible See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers stated to have been provided for See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition and destruction in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman amphitheatres (as many as six See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred on a single occasion by See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey, for example) show how abundant these animals must have been within accessible distance of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Even within the historic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical range of the lion covered the whole of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, including See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and the greater See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor A . B . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, director of the zoological museum at See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, has published an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on the alleged existence of the lion in See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of which appears in the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1905 . Meyer is of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the writer of the Iliad was probably acquainted with the lion, but this does not prove its former existence in Greece . The accounts given by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus and See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle merely go to show that about 500 B.C. lions existed in some part of eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek name for the lion is very ancient, and this suggests, although by no means demonstrates, that it refers to an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal indigenous to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Although the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is not decisive, it seems probable that lions did exist in Greece at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Herodotus; and it is quite possible that the See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of a lion-See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase incised on a Mycenean See also:

• DAGGER

dagger may have been taken from See also:

• LIFE

life .

In prehistoric times the lion was spread over the greater part of Europe; and if, as is very probable, the so-called Felis atrox be inseparable, its range also included the greater part of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the lion is found throughout Africa (See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in places where it has been exterminated by man) and in See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, Persia, and some parts of north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west India . According to Dr W . T . See also:

• BLANFORD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1832-1905)

Blanford, lions are still numerous in the reedy swamps, bordering the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris and See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, and also occur on the west flanks of the Zagros mountains and the See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak-clad ranges near See also:

• SHIRAZ

Shiraz, to which they are attracted by the herds of See also:

• SWINE

swine which feed on the acorns . The lion nowhere exists in the table-See also:

• LAND

land of Persia, nor is it found in See also:

• BALUCHISTAN

Baluchistan . In India it is confined to the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• KATHIAWAR, or KATTYWAR

Kathiawar in Gujerat, though within the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it extended through the north-west parts of Hindustan, from See also:

• BAHAWALPUR, or BHAWALPUR

Bahawalpur and See also:

• SIND

Sind to at least the See also:

• JUMNA, or JAMUNA

Jumna (about See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi) southward as far as_Khandesh, and in central India through the Sagur and Narbuda territories, Btlndelkund, and as far See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east as See also:

• PALAMAU

Palamau . It was extirpated in See also:

• HARIANA

Hariana about 1824 . One was killed at Rhyli, in the Dumaoh See also:

• DISTRICT

district, Sagur and Narbuda territories, so See also:

• LATE

late as in the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of 1847–1848; and about the same time a few still remained in the valley of the Sind See also:

• RIVER

river in See also:

• KOTAH

Kotah, central India . The See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in See also:

• EXTERNAL

external characters which lions present, especially in the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and the amount of mane, as well as in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general colour of the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, indicate See also:

• LOCAL

local races, to which After a See also:

• DRAWING

Drawing by Well in Elliot's Monograph of the Felidae . See also:

• SPECIAL

special names have been given; the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian lion being F. See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

lee gujratensis . It is noteworthy, however, that, according to Mr F .

C . See also:

• SELOUS, FREDERICK COURTNEY (1851- )

Selous, in South Africa the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black-maned lion and others with yellow scanty See also:

• MANES

manes are found, not only in the same locality, but even among individuals of the same parentage . The lion belongs to the genus Felis of See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus (for the characters and position of which see See also:

• CARNIVORA

CARNIVORA), and differs from the See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger and See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard in its See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform colouring, and from all the other Felidae in the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair of the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, See also:

• CHIN

chin and See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, as far back as the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder, being not only much longer, but also differently disposed from the hair elsewhere, being erect or directed forwards, and so constituting the characteristic See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament called the mane . There is also a tuft of elongated hairs at the end of the tail, one upon each See also:

• ELBOW

elbow, and in most lions a copious fringe along the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• LINE

line of the under See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• BODY

body, wanting, however, in some examples . These characters are, however, See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the adults of the male See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex; and even as regards coloration See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young lions show indications of the darker stripes and mottlings so characteristic of the greater number of the members of the genus . The usual colour of the adult is yellowish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, but it may vary from a deep red or See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut brown to an almost silvery See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey . The mane, as well as the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long hair of the other parts of the body, sometimes scarcely differs from the general colour, but is usually darker and not II unfrequently nearly black . The mane begins to grow when the animal is about three years old, and is fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed at five or six . In See also:

• SIZE

size the lion is only equalled or exceeded by the tiger among existing Felidae; and though both See also:

• SPECIES

species present See also:

• GREAT

great variations, the largest specimens of the latter appear to surpass the largest lions . A full-sized South See also:

• AFRICAN

African lion, according to Selous, See also:

• MEASURES

measures slightly less than ro ft. from See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose to tip of tail, following the curves of the body . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris gives ro ft . 6 in., of which the tail occupies 3 ft .

The lioness is about a See also:

• FOOT

foot less . The See also:

• INTERNAL

internal structure of the lion, except in slight details, resembles that of other Felidae, the whole organization being that of an animal adapted for an active, predaceous existence . The See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth especially exemplify the carnivorous type in its highest See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of development . The most important See also:

• FUNCTION

function they have to per-I)rm, that of seizing and holding firmly animals of considerable aize and strength, violently struggling for life, is provided for by the great, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-pointed and sharp-edged canines, placed wide apart at the angles of the mouth, the incisors between them being greatly reduced in size and kept back nearly to the same level, so as not to interfere with their See also:

• ACTION

action . The jaws are See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and strong, and the width of the zygomatic See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, and great development of the bony ridges on the See also:

• SKULL

skull, give ample space for the See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment of the powerful muscles by which they are closed . In the cheek-teeth the sectorial or scissor-like cutting function is developed at the expense of the tubercular or grinding, there being only one rudimentary tooth of the latter See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in the upper See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw, and none in the See also:

• LOWER

lower . They are, however, sufficiently strong to break bones of large size . The See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue is long and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, and remarkable for the development of the papillae of the anterior part of the dorsal surface, which (except near the edge) are modified so as to resemble long, compressed, recurved, horny spines or claws, which, near the middle line, attain the length of one-fifth of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch . They give the part of the tongue on which they occur the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and feel of a coarse rasp . The feet are furnished with See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round soft pads or cushions covered with thick, naked skin, one on the under surface of each of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal toes, and one larger one of trilobed form, behind these, under the lower ends of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones, which are placed nearly vertically in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary progression . The claws are large, strongly; compressed, sharp, and exhibit the retractile condition in the highest degree, being See also:

• DRAWN

drawn backwards and upwards into a sheath by the action of an elastic See also:

• LIGAMENT (Lat. ligamentum, from ligare, to bind)

ligament so long as the foot is in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of repose, but exerted by See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular action when the animal strikes its See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey . The lion lives chiefly in sandy plains and rocky places interspersed with dense See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn-thickets, or frequents the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low bushes and tall See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank grass and reeds that grow along the sides of streams and near the springs where it lies in wait for the larger herbivorous animals on which it feeds .

Although occasionally seen abroad during the day, especially in See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and desolate regions, where it is subject to little molestation, the See also:

• NIGHT

night is, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of so many other predaceous animals, the period of its greatest activity . It is then that its characteristic roar is chiefly heard, as thus graphically described by See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon-See also:

• CUMMING, JOSEPH GEORGE (1812-1868)

Cumming: " One'of the most striking things connected with the lion is his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, which is extremely See also:

• GRAND

grand and peculiarly striking . It consists at times of a low deep moaning, repeated five or six times,ending in faintly audible sighs; at other times he startles the See also:

• FOREST

forest with loud, deep-toned, See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn roars, repeated in See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, each increasing in loudness to the third or See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, when his voice See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies away in five or six low muffled sounds very much resembling distant See also:

• THUNDER

thunder . At times, and not unfrequently, a See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop may be heard, roaring in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert, one assuming the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, and two, three or four more regularly taking up their parts, like persons singing a catch . Like our Scottish stags at the rutting season, they roar, loudest in cold frosty nights; but on no occasions are their voices to be heard in such perfection, or so intensely powerful, as when two or three troops of See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange lions approach a See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain to drink at the same time . When this occurs, every member of each troop sounds a bold roar of See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance at the opposite parties; and when one roars, all roar together, and each seems to See also:

• VIE

vie with his comrades in the intensity and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of his voice . The power and grandeur of these nocturnal concerts is inconceivably striking and pleasing to the See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter's See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear." " The usual See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace of a lion," C . J . Andersson says, " is a walk, and, though apparently rather slow, yet, from the great length of his body, he is able to get over a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of ground in a short time . Occasionally he trots, wnen his See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed is not in-considerable . His gallop—or rather succession of See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds—is, for a short distance, very fast—nearly or quite equal to that of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse." " The lion, as with other members of the feline See also:

• FAMILY

family," the same writer says, " seldom attacks his prey openly, unless compelled by extreme See also:

• HUNGER

hunger . For the most part he steals upon it in the manner of a See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat, or ambushes himself near to the See also:

• WATER

water or a pathway frequented by See also:

• GAME

game .

At such times he lies crouched upon his belly in a thicket until the animal approaches sufficiently near, when, with one prodigious See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound, he pounces upon it . In most cases he is successful, but should his intended victim See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, as at times happens, from his having miscalculated the distance, he may make a second or even a third bound, which, however, usually prove fruitless, or he returns disconcerted to his hiding-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, there to wait for another opportunity." His See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food consists of all the larger herbivorous animals of the country in which he resides—buffaloes, antelopes, zebras, giraffes or even young elephants or rhinoceroses . In cultivated districts See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, and even human inhabitants are never safe from his nocturnal ravages . He appears, however, as a general See also:

• RULE

rule, only to kill when hungry or attacked, and not for the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure of killing, as with some other carnivorous animals . He, moreover, by no means limits himself to animals of his own killing, but, according to Selous, often prefers eating game that has been killed by man, even when not very fresh, to taking the trouble to catch an animal himself . The lion appears to be monogamous, a single male and See also:

• FEMALE

female continuing attached to each other irrespectively of the pairing season . At all events the lion remains with the lioness while the cubs are young and helpless, and assists in providing her and them with food, and in educating them in the See also:

• ART

art of providing for themselves . The number of cubs at a See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth is from two to four, usually three . They are said to remain with their parents till they are about three years old . Though not strictly gregarious, lions appear to be sociably towards their own species, and often are found in small troops sometimes consisting of a pair of old ones with their nearly full: grown cubs, but occasionally of adults of the same sex; and thert seems to be evidence that several lions will See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate for the purpose of See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting upon a preconcerted See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . Their natural ferocity and powerful See also:

• ARMATURE (from Lat. armatura, armour)

armature are sometimes turned upon one another; combats, often mortal, occur among male lions under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy; and Andersson relates an instance of a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel between a hungry lion and lioness over the carcase of an See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope which they had just killed, and which did not seem sufficient for the appetite of both, ending in the lion not only killing, but devouring his See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate . Old lions, whose teeth have become injured with See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• WEAR

wear, become " man-eaters," finding their easiest means of obtaining a subsistence in lurking in the neighbourhood of villages, and dashing into the tents at night and carrying off one of the sleeping inmates .

Lions never climb . With regard to the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the lion, those who have had opportunities of observing it in its native haunts differ greatly . The accounts of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early writers as to its courage, See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and magnanimity have led to a reaction, causing some See also:

• MODERN

modern authors to accuse it of cowardice and meanness . See also:

• LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone goes so far as to say, " nothing that I ever learned of the lion could lead me to attribute to it either the ferocious or See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble character ascribed to it elsewhere," and he adds that its roar is not distinguishable from that of the See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich . These different estimates depend to a great extent upon the particular See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of the writer, and also upon the circumstance that lions, like other animals, show considerable individual See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in character, and behave differently under varying circumstances . (W . H . F.; R .