See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

LISBON (Lisboa)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon; on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• TAGUS (Span. Tajo, Portug. Tejo)

Tagus, near its entrance into the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean, in 38° 42' 24" N. and 9° 11' ro" W . Pop . (1900) 356,009 . Lisbon, the westernmost of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European capitals, is built in a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of terraces up the sides of a range of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills, backed by the See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite mountains of See also:

• CINTRA

Cintra . It fronts the Tagus, and the view from the river of its See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white houses, and its numerous parks and gardens, is comparable in beauty with the approach to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples or See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The See also:

• LOWER

lower reaches of the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a channel (Entrada do Tejo) about 2 M. wide and 8 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, which is partially closed at its mouth by a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar of silt . Owing to the reclamation of the See also:

• FORESHORE

foreshore on the right, and the consequent narrowing of the waterway, the current flows very swiftly down this channel, which is the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole outlet for the immense See also:

• VOLUME

volume of See also:

• WATER

water accumulated in the Rada de Lisboa—a tidal See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake formed by the broadening of the estuary in its upper See also:

• PART

part to fill a See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin 11 m. long with an See also:

• AVERAGE

average breadth of nearly 7 M . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern or See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• SHORE

shore of the channel rises sharply from the water's edge in a See also:

• LINE

line of almost unbroken though not lofty cliffs; the margin of the lake is See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, marshy and irregular . Lisbon extends for more than 5 M. along the shores of both channel and lake, and for more than 3 M. inland . Its suburbs, which generally terminate in a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of vineyards, parks or gardens, interspersed with villas and farms, stretch in some cases beyond the See also:

• ESTRADA, LA

Estrada Militar, or Estrada da Nova Circumvallacao, an inner line of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence 25 M. long,supplementary to the forts and other military See also:

• WORKS

works at the mouth of the Tagus, on the heights of Cintra and Alverca, and at Caxias, Sacavem, Monsanto and Ameixoeira . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Lisbon is mild and equable, though somewhat oppressive in summer . Extreme See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold is so rare that in the twenty years 1856–1876 See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell only thrice; and in the 18th and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 19th centuries Lisbon was justly esteemed as a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• HEALTH

health-resort .

The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 60.1° F., the mean for winter 50.9°, the average rainfall 29.45 in . As in 1906, when no See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain fell between See also:

• APRIL

April and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, long periods of drought are not uncommon, although the proximity of the Atlantic and the frequency of sea-fogs keep the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere humid; the mean atmospheric moisture is nearly 71 (100 = saturation) . There is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, conveyed to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by two vast aqueducts . The older of these is the Aqueducto das Aguas Livres, which was built in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and starts from a point near Bcllas, 15 m . W.N.W . Its conduits, which are partly under-ground, are conveyed across the See also:

• ALCANTARA

Alcantara valley through a magnificent viaduct of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, exceeding 200 ft. in height . At the Lisbon end of the See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct is the Mae d'Agua (i.e . " See also:

• MOTHER

Mother of Water "), containing a huge See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall in the midst of which is the See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir . The Alviella aqueduct, opened in 188o, brings water from Alviella near Pernes, 70 M . N.N.E . Numerous fountains are among the means of See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution . Sewage is discharged into the Tagus, and the sanitation of the city is good, except in the older quarters .

Divisions of the City.--The four municipal districts (bairros) into which Lisbon is divided are the Alfama, or old See also:

• TOWN

town, in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east; the Cidade Baixa, or lower town, which extends inland from the See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal and See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; the Bairro .4110, comprising all the high ground See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Cidade Baixa; and the Alcantara, or westernmost See also:

• DISTRICT

district, named after the small river Alcantara, which flows down into the Tagus . Other771 names commonly used, though unofficial, are " Lisboa See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental " as an alternative for Alfama; " Lisboa Occidental " for the slopes which See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead from the Cidade Baixa to the Bairro See also:

• ALTO (Ital. for " high ")

Alto; " Buenos Ayres " (originally so named from the number of its See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American residents) for the Bairro Alto S.W. of the Estrella Gardens and E. of the Necessidades See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park; " Campo de Ourique " and " Rato " for the suburbs respectively N.W. and N.E. of Buenos Ayres . The Alfanta.—The Alfama, which represents See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and Moorish Lisbon, is less See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in archaeological See also:

• INTEREST

interest than its See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity might suggest, although parts of a Roman See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, See also:

• BATHS

baths, &c., have been disinterred . But as the See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake of 1755 did comparatively little damage to this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, many of its narrow, steep and winding alleys retain the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval aspect which all other parts of the city have lost; and almost See also:

• RIVAL

rival the slums of See also:

• OPORTO (i.e. o Porto, " the port ")

Oporto in picturesque squalor . The most conspicuous feature of the Alfama is the rocky See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill surmounted by the See also:

• CASTELLO, BERNARDO (1557—1629)
• CASTELLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1500 ?–1569 ?)
• CASTELLO, VALERIO (1625-1659)

Castello de Sao Jorge, a Moorish citadel which has been converted into a fort and See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks . The Se Patriarchal, a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral founded in I150 by See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso I., is said by tradition to have been a Moorish See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque . It was wrecked by an earthquake in 1344 and rebuilt in 138o, but the earthquake of 1755 shattered the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, the roof and See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry were subsequently burned, and after the See also:

• WORK

work of restoration was completed the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir and See also:

• FACADE

facade were the only parts of the 14th-century See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church unspoiled . In one of the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side chapels is the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent (d . 304), See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of Lisbon; a pair of ravens kept within the cathedral precincts are popularly believed to be the same birds which, according to the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, miraculously guided the saint's See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel to the city . The armorial See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings of Lisbon, representing a See also:

• SHIP

ship and two ravens, commemorate the legend . Other noteworthy buildings in the Alfama are the 12th-century church of Sao See also:

• VICENTE, GIL (147o-1540)

Vicente de F6ra, originally, as its name implies, " outside " the city; the 13th-century See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of Nossa Senhora do See also:

• MONTE

Monte; the 16th-century church of Nossa Senhora da Graca, which contains a reputed wonder-working statue of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and the tomb of Alphonso d'See also:

• ALBUQUERQUE
• ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO

Albuquerque (1453–1515); and a secularized Augustinian monastery, used as the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . See also:

• MODERN

Modern Lisbon.—West of the Alfama the city See also:

• DATES

dates chiefly from the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period after the great earthquake .

Its lofty houses, arranged in long straight streets, its gardens and open spaces, a few of its public buildings, and almost all its numerous statues and fountains, will See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear comparison with those of any European capital . The centre of social and commercial activity is the district which comprises the Praca do Commercio, Rua . See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta, Rocfo, and Avenida da Liberdade, streets and squares occupying the valley of a vanished tributary of the Tagus . The Praca do Commercio is a spacious square, one side of which faces the river, while the other three sides are occupied by the arcaded buildings of the custom house, See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and other See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• PROPERTY

property . In the midst is a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze equestrian statue of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph I., by J . M. de See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro, which was erected in 1775 and gives point to the name of " See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse Square " commonly applied to the Praca by the See also:

• BRITISH

British . A triumphal See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north side leads to Rua Augusta, originally intended to be the See also:

• CLOTH

cloth-merchants' See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street; for the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan upon which Lisbon was rebuilt after 1755 involved the restriction of each See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry to a specified See also:

• AREA

area . This plan succeeded in the neighbouring Rua Aurea and Rua da Prata, still, as their names indicate, famous for goldsmiths' and silversmiths' shops . Rua Augusta terminates on the north in the Rocfo or Praca de Dom Pedro See also:

• QUARTO

Quarto, a square paved with See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic of a curious undulatory See also:

• PATTERN

pattern and containing two bronze fountains, a lofty See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar surmounted by a statue of Pedro IV., and the royal See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre (Theatro de Dona Maria Segunda), erected on the site which the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition buildings occupied from 1520 to 1836 . The narrow Rua do Principe, leading past the central railway station, a handsome Mauresque See also:

• BUILDING

building, connects the Rocfo with the Avenida da Liberdade, one of the finest avenues in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The central part of the Avenida, a favourite open-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air resort of Lisbon society, is used for See also:

• RIDING

riding and See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving; on each side of it are paved See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double avenues of trees, with See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower-beds, statues, ponds, fountains, &c., and between these and the broad pavements are two roadways for trams and heavy See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . Thus the Avenida has the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of three parallel streets, separated by avenues of trees instead of houses .

Its width exceeds 300 ft . It owes its name to an See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk 98 ft. high, erected in 1882 at its southern end, to commemorate the liberation of Portugal from See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• RULE

rule (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, 1640) . North and north-east of the Avenida are the Avenida Park, the See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VII . Park (so named in memory of a visit paid to Lisbon by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1903), Campo Grande, with its finely wooded walks, and Campo Pequeno, with the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring . Other noteworthy public gardens are the Passeio da Estrella, commanding magnificent views of the city and river, the Largo do Principe Real, planted with bananas and other tropical trees, the Tapada das Necessidades, originally the park of one of the royal residences, and the Botanical Gardens of the poly-technic school, with a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue of palms and collections of tropical and subtropical See also:

• FLORA

flora hardly surpassed in Europe . There are large Portuguese cemeteries east and west of Lisbon, a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery, and an See also:

• ENGLISH

English cemetery, known also as Os Cyprestcs from the number of its cypresses . This was laid out in 1717 at the cost of the British and Dutch residents and contains the See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• FIELDING, ANTHONY VANDYKE COPLEY (1787-1855)
• FIELDING, HENRY (1707-1754)
• FIELDING, WILLIAM STEVENS (1848– )

Fielding (17o7–1754), the novelist, and Dr See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• DODDRIDGE, PHILIP (1702-1751)

Doddridge (1702–1751), the Non-conformist divine . Lisbon is the seat of an archbishop who since 1716 has See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne ex officio the honorary See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch; he presides over the House of Peers and is usually appointed a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal . The churches of modern Lisbon are generally built in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the 18th century; the interiors are overlaid with heavy See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament . Perhaps the finest is the Estrella church, with its white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble dome and twin towers visible for many See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles above the city . The See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance church of Sao Roque contains two beautiful chapels dating from the 18th century, one of which is inlaid with painted tiles, while the other was constructed in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome of coloured See also:

• MARBLES

marbles, and consecrated by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope before being shipped to Lisbon . Its mosaics and lapis lazuli pillars are exceptionally fine .

The 14th-century Gothic Igreja do Carmo was shattered by the great earthquake . Only the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse, pillared aisles and See also:

• OUTER

outer walls remain See also:

• STANDING

standing, and the interior has been converted into an archaeological museum . The church of Nossa Senhora da Conceicao has a magnificent Manoeline facade . The Palacio das See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes, in which both Houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament sit, is a 16th-century See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent, used for its See also:

• PRESENT

present purpose since 1834 . It contains the national archives, better known as the Torre do Tombo collection, because in 1375 the archives were first stored in a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of that name . The royal palace, or Paco das Necessidades, west of Buenos Ayres, is a vast 18th-century See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion occupying the site of a chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora das Necessidades (i.e . " Our See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady who See also:

• HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875)

helps at need ") . The Suburbs of Ajuda and Belem.—In the extreme west of Lisbon, beyond the Alcantara valley, are Belem (i.e . " See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem "), beside the Tagus, and Ajuda, on the heights above . The Paco de Belem, built in 17oo for the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• AVEIRO

Aveiro, became the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief royal palace under See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John V . (1706–1750) . The Torre de Belem, on the foreshore, is a small tower of beautiful See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, built in 152o for the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping .

The finest ecclesiastical building in Portugal except the monasteries of Alcobaca and See also:

• BATALHA (i.e. battle)

Batalha also fronts the river . It is the Convento dos Jeronymos, a Hieronymite convent and church, founded in 1499 to commemorate the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the sea-route to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India by Vasco da Gama . It was built of white See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone by Joao de See also:

• CASTILHO, ANTONIO FELICIANO DE (1800-1875)

Castilho (d . 1581), perhaps the greatest of Manoelinearchitects . Its cloisters form a square with blunted corners, surrounded by a two-storeyed See also:

• ARCADE

arcade, every available portion of which is covered with exquisite sculptures . Parts of the building have been restored, but the cloisters and the beautiful central gateway remain unspoiled . The interior contains many royal tombs, including that of See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine of See also:

• BRAGANZA (Braganca)

Braganza (d . 1705), the wife of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. of England . The supposed remains of See also:

• CAMOENS [CAMOES], LUIS VAZ DE (1524-1580)

Camoens and Vasco da Gama were interred here in 1880 . In 1834, when the convent was secularized, its buildings were assigned to the Casa Pia, an orphanage founded by Maria I . Since 1903 they have contained the archaeological collections of the Portuguese Ethnological Museum . The royal Ajuda palace, begun (1816–1826) by John VI. but left unfinished, derives its name from the chapel of N .

S. de Ajuda (" Our Lady of Aid ") . It contains some fine pictures and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical trophies . In the See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach-house there is an unsurpassed collection of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state coaches, the carsupon which figures of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints are borne in procession, See also:

• SEDAN

sedan chairs, old cabriolets and other curious vehicles . The Environs of Lisbon.—The administrative district of Lisbon has an area of 3065 sq. m., with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 709,509 in 1900 . It comprises the lower parts of the Tagus and See also:

• SADO

Sado; the sea-See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast from 5 m . S. of Cape Carvoeiro to within 3 m. of the See also:

• BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

bluff called the Escarpa do Rojo; and a See also:

• STRIP

strip of territory extending inland for a mean distance of 3o m . This region corresponds with the southern part of See also:

• ESTREMADURA, or EXTREMADURA

Estremadura (q.v.) . Its more important towns, See also:

• SETUBAL (formerly called in English St Ubes and in French St Yves)

Setubal, Cintra, Torres Vedras and See also:

• MAFRA

Mafra, are described in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles . Sines, a small seaport on Cape Sines, was the birthplace of Vasco da Gama . On the left bank of the Tagus, opposite Lisbon, are the small towns of Almada, Barreiro, Aldeia Gallega and Seixal, and the See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet of Trafaria, inhabited by fishermen . The beautiful strip of coast west of Oeiras and south of Cape Roca is often called the " Portuguese See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera." Its fine climate, See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs and sea-bathing attract visitors at all seasons to the picturesque fortified See also:

• BAY

bay of Cascaes, or to Estoril, Mont' Estoril and Sao Joao do Estoril, modern towns consisting chiefly of villas, hotels and gardens . The Boca do Inferno (" Mouth of See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell ") is a cavity in the rocks at Cascaes resembling the Bufador at Peniscola (q.v.) .

The villages of Carcavellos, Bucellas, Lumiar and Collares produce excellent wines; at Carcavellos is the receiving station for cables, with a large British See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club and grounds where social and athletic meetings are held by the British See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony . Alhandra, on the right bank of the Tagus, above Lisbon, was the birthplace of Albuquerque; fighting bulls for the Lisbon See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena are bred in the adjacent pastures . See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways, Shipping and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—Lisbon has five railway stations—the central (Lisboa-Rocfo), for the lines to Cintra, See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central Portugal, and See also:

• MADRID

Madrid via See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia de Alcantara; the See also:

• SANTA

Santa Apolonia or Caes dos Soldados, at the eastern extremity of the quays, for the same lines (excluding Cintra) and for southern Portugal and See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia; the Caes do Sodre and See also:

• SANTOS

Santos, farther west along the quays, for Cascaes; and the Barreiro, on the left bank of the Tagus, for southern Portugal . In 1902 the railways north and south of the Tagus were connected near Lisbon by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . In the previous See also:

• YEAR

year an extensive See also:

• SYSTEM

system of electric tramways replaced the old-fashioned See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable cars and See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule trams . Electric and See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic lifts are used where the streets are too steep for trams . Lisbon is lighted by both See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity and See also:

• GAS

gas; it has an admirable See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone service, and is connected by the Carcavellos cable-station with See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall (England), See also:

• VIGO

Vigo in See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar, the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores and See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira . See also:

• SHIPS

Ships of the largest See also:

• SIZE

size can enter the Tagus, and the Barreiro inlet is navigable at low water by vessels See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 16 ft . There are extensive quays along the right bank, with-hydraulic See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes, two graving docks, a slipway, warehouses and lines of railway . The government and private docks are on the left bank . Loading and discharging are principally effected by means of lighters . The exports are wines, oil, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, tinned See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, colonial produce, See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork, pitwood, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool .

The imports include See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and woollen goods, See also:

• LINEN

linen, See also:

• ALE

ale and See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

porter, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea, hardware, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin plates, See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, machinery, chemical manure, &c., from Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum from the See also:

• UNITED

United States; dried codfish from See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland; silks, See also:

• PERFUMERY (Lat. per, through, and fumare, to smoke)

perfumery and See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy goods from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• FLAX

flax, grain, petroleum and cloth from See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; linen, machinery, hardware, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, &c., from See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland; iron, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch and salt fish from the Baltic; See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• WAX

wax and See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber from the Portuguese colonies . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century the tourist traffic from Great Britain and Germany attained considerable importance, and Lisbon has long been one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ports of debarcation for passengers from See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil and of embarcation for emigrants to South See also:

• AMERICA

America . See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

Shipbuilding, including the construction of vessels for the national See also:

• NAVY

navy, is a growing industry . The See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries have always been important, and in no European fishmarket is the produce more varied . Sardines and See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny are cured and tinned for export . In addition to a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of about 600 sailing boats, the Tagus is the headquarters of a small fleet of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam trawlers . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Lisbon include See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing, See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits and manufactures of woollen, cotton, See also:

• SILK

silk and linen fabrics, of pottery, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, chemicals, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, corks, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, preserved foods and biscuits . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education and Charity.—Although the seat of the only university in Portugal was fixed at See also:

• COIMBRA

Coimbra in 1527, Lisbon is the educational centre of the Portuguese See also:

• WORLD

world, including Brazil . Its chief learned See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies are the Society of Medical Sciences, the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL