See also:

• LISSA (Polish Lezno)
• LISSA (Serbo-Croation Vis; Lat. Issa)

LISSA (Serbo-Croation Vis; See also:

• LAT

Lat. Issa)  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the Adriatic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, forming See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . See also:

• LISSA (Polish Lezno)
• LISSA (Serbo-Croation Vis; Lat. Issa)

Lissa lies 31 M . S. by W. of See also:

• SPALATO, or SPALATRO (Serbo-Croatian Spljet or Split)

Spalato, and is the outermost island of the Dalmatian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago . Its greatest length is 1o2 m.; its greatest breadth 41 M . In shape it is a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, roughly See also:

• DRAWN

drawn parallelogram, surrounded by a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, which incloses the fertile central See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, and is broken, on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east by natural harbours . Its culminating point is See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Hum (1942 ft.), on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west . The island, which belongs to the administrative See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• LESINA (Serbo-Croatian, Hvar)

Lesina, is divided between two communes, named after the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns, Lissa (Vis), on the north, and Comisa (Komiza), on the west . Lissa, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, has a strongly fortified See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . It contains the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace cf the old Venetian See also:

• COUNTS

counts Gariboldi, the former See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, the monastery of the Minorites and at a little distance to the west the ruins of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Issa . The islanders gain their livelihood by viticulture, for which Issa was once famous, by sardine fishing and by the See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of See also:

• ROSEMARY

rosemary oil . Pop . (1900) 9918, of whom 5261 belonged to the See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of Lissa, and 4657 to Comisa .

Issa is said to have been settled by See also:

• PEOPLE

people from See also:

• LESBOS (Mytilene, Turk. Midullu)

Lesbos, the Issa of the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean . The Parians, assisted by See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse, introduced a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . During the First Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (265–241 B.C.) the Issaeans with their beaked See also:

• SHIPS

ships helped the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• DUILIUS (or DuELLTUS), GAIUS

Duilius; and the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, having defended their island against the attacks of Agron of See also:

• ILLYRIA

Illyria and his See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen Teuta, again found them service-able See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies in the war with See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of Macedon (c . 215-211) . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 996 the Venetians ruled the island, and, though they retired for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time before the Ragusans, their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was effectually established in 1278 . See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

Veto Selo, then the chief See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, was destroyed by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples in 1483 and by the See also:

• TURKS

Turks in 1571 . The See also:

• PRESENT

present city arose shortly afterwards . During the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars, the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French held Lissa until 1811, and during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the island prospered greatly, its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population increasing from 4000 to 12,000 between s8o8 and 1811 . In the latter See also:

• YEAR

year the French See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron was defeated by the See also:

• BRITISH

British (see below); though in the same year a French See also:

• FLEET

fleet, flying British See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, entered Lissa, and only retired after burning 64 merchantmen . Thenceforward the island gained a valuable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in British goods, which, being excluded from every See also:

• PORT

port under French See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, were smuggled into Dalmatia . In 1812 the British established an administrative See also:

• SYSTEM

system, under native officials, in Lissa and the adjoining islands of See also:

• CURZOLA (Serbo-Croatian Korcula or Karkar)

Curzola and Lagosta . All three were ceded to Austria in 1815 .

Battles of Lissa.—Two See also:

• NAVAL

naval actions have been fought in See also:

• MODERN

modern times near this island . The first took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the 13th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1811, and was fought between a Franco-Venetian squadron, under the command of an officer named Dubourdieu (of whom little or nothing else is known), and See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir) See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HOSTE, SIR WILLIAM (178o-1828)

Hoste with a small British force . The Franco-Venetian squadron (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice was then part of the dominions of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon) consisted of six frigates, of which four were of See also:

• FORTY

forty guns, and of five corvettes or small See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . The British squadron was composed of three frigates, the " See also:

• AMPHION

Amphion," 32 (Captain William Hoste), the " See also:

• CERBERUS

Cerberus " (Captain See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• WHITBY

Whitby) and the " Active," 38 (Captain See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James A . See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon) . With them was the " Volage," 22 (Captain Phipps See also:

• HORNBY, SIR GEOFFREY THOMAS PHIPPS (1825-1895)

Hornby) . The See also:

• ACTION

action has a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• INTEREST

interest because the French captain imitated the method of attack employed by See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson at See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar . He came down from windward in two lines parallel to one another, and at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle to the British squadron . Captain Hoste was not compelled to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie still as the allies did at Trafalgar . He stood on, and as the two French lines had to overtake him as he slipped away at an angle to their course, one of them got in the way of the other . Captain Hoste materially forwarded the success of his manoeuvre by leading the foremost French See also:

• SHIP

ship, the " Favorite," 40, on to a See also:

• REEF (1)

reef, which was known to himself, but not to the enemy . Both squadrons then turned, and the Franco-Venetians falling into great confusion were defeated in spite of the gallant fighting of the individual ships .

Two prizes were taken and Dubourdieu was killed . The second naval See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Lissa was fought between the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian navies on the 20th of See also:

• JULY

July 1866 . The island, then in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Austrians, was attacked by an Italian squadron from See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona of 12 ironclads and 22 wooden vessels . One of the ironclads was damaged in a See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of the forts, and two were detached on other service, when an Austrian squadron of 7 ironclads, one unarmoured warship the " Kaiser " and a number of small craft which had See also:

• LEFT

left Fasano under the command of See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral Tegethoff came to interrupt their operations . The Italian admiral Persano arranged his ships in a single long See also:

• LINE

line ahead, which allowing for the necessary space between them meant that the Italian formation stretched for more than 2 M . Just before the action began Admiral Persano shifted his See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag from the " Re d'Italia," the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth ship in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order from the See also:

• VAN

van, to the See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram " Affondatore," the fifth . This made it necessary for the " Affondatore " and the ships astern to shorten See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed, and, as the leading vessels stood on, a See also:

• GAP

gap was created in the Italian line . Admiral Tegethoff, who was on the port See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow of the Italians, attacked with his squadron in three divisions formed in obtuse angles . The Italians opened a very rapid and See also:

• ILL

ill-directed See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire at a distance of Iwo yds . The Austrians did not reply till they were at a distance of 300 yds . Under Tegethoff's vigorous leadership, and aided by the disorder in the Italian line, the Austrians brought on a brief, but to the Italians destructive, melee . They See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke through an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between the third and fourth Italian ships .

The unarmed Austrian ships headed to attack the unarmed Italians in the See also:

• REAR

rear . At this point an incident occurred to which an exaggerated importance was given . The Italian ironclad " Re di Portogallo " of 5600 tons, in the rear of the line, stood out to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the unarmoured squadron by ramming the Austrians . She was herself rammed by the wooden " Kaiser " (5000 tons), but received little injury, while the Austrian was much injured . The " Kaiser " and the wooden vessels then made for the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of fort See also:

• SAN

San Giorgio on Lissa unpursued . In the centre, where the action was hottest, the Austrian See also:

• FLAGSHIP

flagship " Ferdinand Max " of 5200 tons rammed and sank the " Re d'Italia." The Italian " Palestro " of 2000 tons was fired by a See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell and blew up . By midday the Italians were in See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, and Tegethoff anchored at San Giorgio . His squadron had suffered very little from the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild fire of the Italians . The battle of the loth July was the first fought at sea by modern ironclad See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam fleets, and therefore attracted a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . The sinking of the " Re d'Italia " and the ramming of the " Portogallo " by the " Kaiser " gave an immense impulse to the then popular theory that the ram would be a leading, if not the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal, weapon in modern sea warfare . This calculation has not been See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne out by more See also:

• RECENT

recent experience, and indeed was not justified by the battle itself, in which the attempts to ram were many and the successes very few . The " Re d'Italia " was struck only because she was suddenly and most injudiciously backed, so that she had no way on when charged by the " Ferdinand Max." For the first battle of Lissa see James's Naval See also:

• HISTORY

History, vol. v .

(1837) . A clear See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the second battle will be found in Sir S . Eardley-See also:

• WILMOT
• WILMOT, DAVID (1814-1868)

Wilmot's Development of Navies (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1892) ; see also H . W . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson's Ironclads in Action (London, 1896) . (D .