See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• JOSEPH LISTER LISTER
• LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712)

LISTER LISTER  , 1st See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON (1827– ), See also:

• ENGLISH

English surgeon, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Upton, in See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, on the 5th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1827 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson See also:

• LISTER, JOSEPH LISTER
• LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712)

Lister, F.R.S., was eminent in See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, especially in See also:

• OPTICAL

optical science, his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief claim to remembrance being that by certain improvements in lenses he raised the See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope from the position of a scientific See also:

• TOY
• TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL (1836– )

toy, " distorting as much as it magnified," to its See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as a powerful See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine of See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . Other members of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Lister's See also:

• FAMILY

family were eminent in natural science . In his boyhood Joseph Lister was educated at Quaker See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools; first at See also:

• HITCHIN

Hitchin in See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire, and afterwards at See also:

• TOTTENHAM

Tottenham, near See also:

• LONDON

London . In 1844 he entered University See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, London, as a student in arts, and took his B.A. degree at the University of London in 1847 . He continued at University College as a medical student, and became M.B. and F.R.C.S. in 1852 . The keen See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young student was not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in bringing his faculties to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology and the practice of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . While See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-surgeon at University College See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital, he had See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of certain cases during an out-break of hospital See also:

• GANGRENE (from Gr. y&yypawa, an eating sore, from ypaivewv, to gnaw)

gangrene, and carefully observed the phenomena of the disease and the effects of treatment upon it . He was thus See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early led to suspect the parasitic nature of the disorder, and searched with the microscope the material of the spreading sore, in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of discovering in it some invading fungus; he soon convinced himself of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal truth that its causes were purely See also:

• LOCAL

local . He also minutely investigated cases of pyaeraia, another terrible See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge of hospitals at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and made See also:

• CAMERA (a Latin adaptation of Gr. Kagapa, an arched chamber)

camera lucida sketches of the appearances revealed by the microscope . To realize Lister's See also:

• WORK

work it is necessary to remember the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of surgical practice at that date . About the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the introduction of anaesthetics had relieved the patient of much of the horror of the See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife, and the surgeon of the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed in his work .

The agony of the sufferer had naturally and rightly compelled the public to demand rapid if not slap-dash See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery, and the surgeon to See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride himself on it . Within decent limits of precision, the quickest craftsman was the best . With anaesthetics this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things at any See also:

• RATE

rate was changed . The See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of the operation itself no longer counted, and the surgeon was enabled not only to be as cautious and sedulous as dexterous, but also to venture upon long, See also:

• PRO

pro-found and intricate operations which before had been out of the question . Yet unhappily this new enfranchisement seemed to be but an ironical See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of Nature, who with the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand took away what she had given . See also:

• DIRECT

Direct healing of surgical wounds (" by first intention "), far from being the See also:

• RULE

rule, was a piece of See also:

• LUCK

luck too rare to enter into the calculations of the operator; while of the graver surgical undertakings, however successful mechanica?'y, the mortality by See also:

• SEPSIS (Gr. Qi7,/iss, putrefaction), or SEPTIC INFECTION

sepsis was ghastly . Suppuration, phagedaena and septic poisonings of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system carried away even the most promising patients and followed even trifling operations . Often, too, these diseases See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the height of epidemic pestilences, so that patients, however extreme their need, dreaded the very name of hospital, and the most skilful surgeons distrusted their own See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . New hospitals or new wards were built, yet after a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time the new became as pestiferous as the old; and even scrupulous care in See also:

• VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation and housemaids' cleanliness failed to prevent the devastation . Surgery had enlarged its freedom, but only to find the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of its new responsibilities more than it could bear . When Lister was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of surgery in See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow the infirmary of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was a hotbed of septic disease; so much so that his hospital visits evidently distressed him greatly . Windows were widely opened, piles of clean towels were supplied, but still the pestilence stalked through the crards .

The See also:

• BUILDING

building stands to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day as it stood then, with no substantial alteration; but by the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of Lister its surgical wards are now as See also:

• FREE

free from septic accidents as the most See also:

• MODERN

modern hospital in the See also:

• LAND

land . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• SIMPSON, MATTHEW (1811-1884)
• SIMPSON, SIR JAMES YOUNG (1811-1870)
• SIMPSON, THOMAS (1710-1761)

Simpson, early in the 'sixties, pathetically denounced the awful mortality of operations in hospitals, and indeed uttered desperate protests against the hospital system itself; yet, not long afterwards, Lister came to prove that it was not in the hospital that the causes of that mortality See also:

• LAY

lay hidden, but in the operator himself, his tools and his assistants . Happily this beneficent See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery was made in time to preserve the inestimable boon of the hospital system from the counsels of despair . When Lister took up the task See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation was on the wrong tack; the See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen of, the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air was then supposed to be the chief cause of the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the tissues, and to prevent See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access of air was impossible . For instance, a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple fracture, as of a See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone of the See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg, would do perfectly well, while in the very next See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed a compound fracture—one, that is, where the skin is lacerated, and access to the seat of injury opened out—would go disastrously wrong . If the See also:

• LIMB

limb were amputated, a large proportion of such cases of amputation succumbed to septic poisoning . On See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation as See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor of medicine, Lister went to See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, where he soon afterwards became house-surgeon to Mr See also:

• SYME, JAMES (1799–1870)

Syme; and he was much impressed by the skill and See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of this See also:

• GREAT

great surgeon, and also by the superiority of his method of dressing See also:

• RECENT

recent wounds with dry See also:

• LINT (in M. Eng. linnet, probably through Fr. linette, from lin, the flax-plant; cf. " line ")

lint, as compared with the " See also:

• WATER

water dressing " in use at University College . Yet under these more favourable conditions the amelioration was only one of degree; in most wounds indeed " See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union by first intention " was rendered impossible by the presence of the See also:

• SILK

silk ligatures employed for arresting bleeding, for these could come away only by a See also:

• PROCESS

process of suppuration . On the expiry of his housesurgeoncy in Edinburgh, Lister started in that city an extra-academical course of lectures on surgery; and in preparation for these he entered on a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of investigations into inflammationand allied subjects . These researches, which were detailed fully in three papers in Phil . Trans . (1859), and in his Croonian lecture to the Royal Society in 1863, testified to an earnestness of purpose, a persevering accuracy of observation and experiment and an insight of scientific conception which show that if Lister had never See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the aseptic method of surgery, he would have taken a very high place in pathology .

In his speech in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris at the Thirteenth See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of Medicine in 1900, Lord Lister said that he had done no more than seize upon See also:

• PASTEUR, LOUIS (1822-1895)

Pasteur's discoveries and apply them to surgery . But though Lister saw the vast importance of the discoveries of Pasteur, he saw it because he was watching on the heights; and he was watching there alone . From Pasteur Lister derived no doubt two fruitful ideas: first, that decomposition in organic substances is due to living " germs "; and, secondly, that these lowly and See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute forms of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• LIFE

life See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring always, like higher See also:

• ORGAN

organ-isms, from parents like themselves, and cannot arise de nova in the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• BODY

body . After his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to the Glasgow chair in 186o, Lister had continued his researches on inflammation; and he had long been led to suspect that decomposition of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood in the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound was the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main cause of suppuration . The two great theories established by Pasteur seemed to Lister to open out the possibility of what had before appeared hopeless—namely, the prevention of putrefaction in the wound, and consequently the See also:

• FORESTALLING

forestalling of suppuration . To exclude the oxygen of the air from wounds was impossible, but it might be practicable to protect them from microbes . The first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to realize this See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was made upon compound fractures; and the means first employed was carbolic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, the remarkable efficacy of which in deodorizing sewage made Lister regard it as a very powerful germicide . It was applied to the wound undiluted, so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form with the blood a dense crust, the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of which was painted daily with the acid till all danger had passed . The results, after a first failure, were in the highest degree satisfactory, so that, as Lister said in his presidential address to the See also:

• BRITISH

British Association in See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, he " had the joy of seeing these formidable injuries follow the same safe and tranquil course as simple fractures." The See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic See also:

• PROPERTY

property of undiluted carbolic acid, though insignificant in comparison with the far greater evils to be avoided in compound fracture, made it unsuited for See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general surgery . To make it applicable to the treatment of abscesses and incised wounds, it was necessary to mitigate its See also:

• ACTION

action by blending it with some inert body; and the endeavour to find the best See also:

• MEDIUM

medium for this purpose, such as to combine perfect antiseptic efficiency with the least possible irritation of the tissues, formed the subject of experiments continued for many years in the laboratory and in the See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward . At one See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in these inquiries an attempt was made to provide an See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere free from living organisms by means of a See also:

• FINE

fine spray of a watery See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of carbolic acid; for it was then supposed by Lister to be necessary not only to purify the surgeon's hands and See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments and the skin of the patient about the seat of operation, but also to wage See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the microbes which, as Pasteur had shown, See also:

• PEOPLE

people every cubic See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch of the air of an inhabited See also:

• ROOM

room . Under the use of the spray better results were obtained than ever before, and this success encouraged its use .

But researches carried on for several years into the relations of the blood to micro-organisms led Lister to doubt the harmfulness of the atmospheric dust . At the London Congress in 1881 he narrated experiments which proved that the serum of the blood is a very unfavourable See also:

• SOIL

soil for the development of the bacteria diffused through the air, and others which showed that the cells of an organizing blood-See also:

• CLOT, ANTOINE

clot have a very remarkable See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of disposing of microbes and of limiting their advance . Hence he considered it probable that in surgical operations the atmosphere might he disregarded altogether.' As long, however, as this was only a See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, he did not dare to discard the spray . But at length, at the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Congress in 1890, he was able to announce that the certainty he had so long desired had been arrived at . A careful See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical ' See Trans. of the International Medical Congress (1881), vol. ii . P . 373• constitution of the spray had shown him that the microbes of the ' dust involved in its vortex could not possibly have their vitality destroyed or even impaired by it . Such being the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, the See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform success obtained when he had trusted the spray implicitly as an aseptic atmosphere, abandoning completely certain other precautions which he had before deemed essential, proved conclusively to his mind that the air might safely be See also:

• LEFT

left entirely out of consideration in operating.' Thus he learnt that not the spray only, but all antiseptic irrigations or washings of the wound also, with their attendant irritation of the cut surfaces, might be dispensed with—a great simplification, indirectly due to experiments with the spray . The spray had also served a very useful purpose by maintaining a pure condition of the entourage of the operation; not indeed in the way for which it was devised, but as a very mild form of See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation . And Lister took care to emphasize the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for redoubled vigilance on the See also:

• PART

part of the surgeon and his assistants when this " unconscious caretaker," as he called it, had been discarded . The announcement that he had given up the spray was absurdly interpreted in some quarters to mean that he had virtually abandoned his theory and his antiseptic methods . The truth is that the spray was only one of many devices tried for a while in the course of the long-continued endeavour to apply the antiseptic principle to the best See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, and abandoned in favour of something better .

Two main See also:

• OBJECTS

objects were always kept steadily in view by him—during the operation to guard the wound against septic microbes by such means as existing knowledge indicated, and afterwards to protect it against their introduction, avoiding at the same time all needless irritation of the tissues by the antiseptic . Upon the technical methods of attaining these ends this is not the place to enlarge; suffice it to say that the endowments and the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of the discoverer, as seen in the rapidity and flexibility of mind with which he seized upon and selected the best means, were little less remarkable than the activity of the same faculties in his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original ideas . To illustrate this See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, his work on the ligature may be taken . It had long been the universal practice of surgeons to employ threads of silk or See also:

• FLAX

flax for tying See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries, long ends being left to provide See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of the pus (invariably formed during the tedious process of the separation of the ligature) together with the portion of the arterial coats included in the See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot . Lister hoped that if, by antiseptic means, the See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread were deprived of living microbes, it would no longer cause suppuration, but might be left with short cut ends to become embedded permanently among the tissues of the wound, which thus would be allowed to heal by See also:

• PRIMARY

primary union throughout . A trial of this method upon the See also:

• CAROTID

carotid artery of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse having proved perfectly successful, he applied it in a case of See also:

• ANEURYSM, or ANEURISM (from Gr. avebpuvµa, a dilatation)

aneurysm in the human subject; and here again the immediate results were all that could be desired . But a See also:

• YEAR

year later, the patient having died from other causes, the necropsy showed remnants of the silk thread incompletely absorbed, with appearances around them which seemed to indicate that they had been acting as causes of disturbance . Thus was suggested to him the idea of employing for the ligature some material susceptible of more speedy absorption; and the antiseptic treatment of contused wounds having shown that dead See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue, if protected from putrefaction, is removed by the surrounding structures without the intervention of suppuration, he resolved to try a thread of some such nature . See also:

• CATGUT

Catgut, which is prepared from one of the constituents of the small See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine of the See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, after steeping in a solution of carbolic acid, was used in a preliminary trial upon the carotid artery of a See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf . The animal was killed a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month later, when, on See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

dissection, a very beautiful result was disclosed . The catgut, though removed, had not been simply absorbed; pari passu with its See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual removal, fibrous tissue of new formation had been laid down, so that in place of the dead catgut was seen a living ligature embracing the artery and incorporated with it . The wound meanwhile had healed without a trace of suppuration .

This success appeared to justify the use of the catgut ligature in the ' See Verhandlungen See also:

• DES

des X internationalen Congresses, Bd. i. p . 33.human subject, and for a while the results were entirely satisfactory . But though this was the case with the old samples of catgut first employed, which, as Lister was afterwards led to believe, had been " seasoned " by long keeping, it was found that when catgut was used fresh as it comes from the makers, it was unsuited in various ways for surgical purposes . The attempt by See also:

• SPECIAL

special preparation to obtain an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in all respects See also:

• TRUST

trust-worthy engaged his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention from time to time for years after-wards . To quote the words of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HECTOR

Hector See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron, who was for several years assistant to Lord Lister, it required " labour and toilsome investigation and experiment of which few can have any adequate idea." In 1869 Lister succeeded his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Syme, in the chair of clinical surgery of Edinburgh . In 1877 he accepted an invitation to the chair of surgery at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's College, London, in the anticipation that here he would be more centrally placed for communication with the surgical See also:

• WORLD

world at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and abroad, and might thus exercise his beneficent See also:

• MISSION

mission to more immediate advantage . In 1896 Lister retired from practice, but not from scientific study . From 1895 to 1900 he was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President of the Royal Society . In 1883 he was created a See also:

• BARONET

baronet, and in 1897 he was raised to the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage as Baron Lister of Lyme Regis . Among the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

Coronation honours in 1902, he was nominated an original member of the new See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of Merit . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England Lister's teaching was slow in making its way . The leading surgeons of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany were among the first to seize upon the new idea with avidity and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical success; so early as 1875, in the course of a tour he made on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent, great festivals were held in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich and See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig .

The countrymen of Pasteur did not lag far behind; and it is no exaggeration to speak of Lister's appearances in See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign countries at this time as triumphal . The relation of See also:

• SEMMELWEISS, IGNATZ PHILIPP (1818-1865)

Semmelweiss to Lister is of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance . Lister's work on- the antiseptic system began in 1864; his first publication on the subject was in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1867 . At this date, and for long afterwards, Semmelweiss was unknown, or ignored, not only by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and Germans, but also by his own Hungarian people; and this neglect See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart . The French See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy pronounced against his opinions, and so did the highest pathological authority in Germany . In England, till long after his See also:

• DEATH

death, probably his name was not so much as mentioned . In the early 'seventies Lister's method was in full operation in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary as elsewhere, yet none of the surgeons of See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest ever mentioned Semmelweiss; not even when, in 1883, they gave a great banquet to Lister . It was after this occasion that Dr Duka, a Hungarian physician practising in London, wrote a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Semmelweiss, which he sent to Lister, and thus brought Semmelweiss before him for the first time . Thenceforth Lister generously regarded Semmelweiss as in some measure his forerunner; though Semmelweiss was not aware of the microbic origin of septic poisons, nor were his methods, magnificent as was their success in lying-in hospitals, suitable for surgical work . In public Lord Lister's speeches were simple, clear and graceful, avoiding rhetorical display, See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest for the truth, jealous for his science and See also:

• ART

art, forgetful of himself . His writings, in like manner See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, lucid and forcible, scarcely betray the labour and thought of their See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . With the See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy and serenity of his See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage he combined a passionate humanity, so often characteristic of those who come of the Society of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

Friends, and a simple love of truth which showed itself in his generous encouragement of younger workers .

(T . C .