See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• FRIEDRICH LIST (1789-1846)

LIST (1789-1846)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German economist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• REUTLINGEN

Reutlingen, See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, on the 6th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1789 . Unwilling to follow the occupation of his See also:

• FATHER

father, who was a prosperous See also:

• TANNER, HENRY OSSAWA (1859- )
• TANNER, THOMAS (1674-1735)

tanner, he became a clerk in the public service, and by 1816 had risen to the See also:

• POST

post of ministerial under-secretary . In 1817 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and politics at the university of See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, but the fall of the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry in 1818 compelled him to resign . As a See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy to the Wurttemberg chamber, he was active in advocating administrative reforms . He was eventually expelled from the chamber and in See also:

• APRIL

April 1822 sentenced to ten months' imprisonment with hard labour in the fortress of Asperg . He escaped to See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, and after visiting See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England returned in 1824 to finish his See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, and was released on undertaking to emigrate to See also:

• AMERICA

America . There he resided from 1825 to 1832, first engaging in farming and afterwards in journalism . It was in America that he gathered from a study of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton's See also:

• WORK

work the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration which made him an economist of his pronounced " See also:

• NATIONAL

National " views . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• COAL

coal on some See also:

• LAND

land which he had acquired made him financially See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, and he became See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul 'at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig in 1832 . He strongly advocated the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the See also:

• ZOLLVEREIN (Ger. Zoll, toll, customs, and Verein, union)

Zollverein was due largely to his See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm and ardour . His latter days were darkened by many misfortunes; he lost much of his See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• PROPERTY

property in a See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial crisis, See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health also overtook him, and he brought his See also:

• LIFE

life to an end by his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand on the 3oth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1846 . See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

List holds historically one of the highest places in economic thought as applied to See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• OBJECTS

objects .

His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal work is entitled Das Nationale System der Politischen Okonomie (1841) . Though his practical conclusions were different from those of See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller (1779-1829), he was largely influenced not only by Hamilton but also by the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general mode of thinking of that writer, and by his strictures on the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith . It was particularly against the See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan principle in the See also:

• MODERN

modern economical system that he protested, and against the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute doctrine of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, which was in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with that principle . He gave prominence to the national See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, and insisted on the See also:

• SPECIAL

special requirements of each nation according to its circumstances and especially to the degree of its development . He refused to Smith's system the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial, which he thought more appropriate to the See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile system, and designated the former as " the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange-value system." He denied the See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism asserted by Smith between the economic conduct proper to an individual and to a nation, and held that the immediate private See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate members of the community would not See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the highest See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good of the whole . That the nation was an existence, See also:

• STANDING

standing between the individual and humanity, and formed into a unity by its See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical development, culture and constitution . That this unity must be the first See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security, wellbeing, progress and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of the individual; and private economic interests, like all others, must be subordinated to the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance, completion and strengthening of the See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality . The nation having a continuous life, its true See also:

• WEALTH

wealth must consist—and this is List's fundamental doctrine—not in the quantity of exchange-values which it possesses, but in the full and many-sided development of its productive See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . Its economic See also:

• EDUCATION

education should be more important than the immediate See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of values, and it might be right that one See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation should See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice its gain and enjoyment to secure the strength and skill of the future . In the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound and normal condition of a nation which has attained economic maturity, the three productive powers of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, manufactures and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce should be alike See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . But the two latter factors are See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior in importance, as exercising a more effective and fruitful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the whole culture of the nation, as well as on its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation, See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, all higher technical arts, connect themselves specially with these factors; whilst in a purely agricultural See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state there is a tendency to stagnation .

But for the growth of the higher forms of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry all countries are not adapted—only those of the temperate zones, whilst the torrid regions have a natural See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly in the production of certain raw materials; and thus between these two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of countries a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of labour and See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of powers spontaneously takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . List then goes on to explain his theory of the stages of economic development through which the nations of the temperate See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, which are furnished with all the necessary conditions, naturally pass, in advancing to their normal economic state . These are (1) See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral life, (2) agriculture, (3) agriculture united with manufactures; whilst in the final See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage agriculture, manufactures and commerce are combined . The economic task of the state is to bring into existence through legislative and administrative See also:

• ACTION

action the conditions required for the progress of the nation through these stages . Out of this view arises List's See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of industrial politics . Every nation, according to him, should begin with free trade, stimulating and improving its agriculture by intercourse with richer and more cultivated nations, importing See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign manufactures and exporting raw products . When it is economically so far advanced that it can manufacture for itself, then a system of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection should be employed to allow the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries to develop themselves fully, and See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save them from being overpowered in their earlier efforts by the competition of more matured foreign industries in the home See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market . When the national industries have grown strong enough no longer to dread this competition, then the highest stage of progress has been reached; free trade should again become the See also:

• RULE

rule, and the nation be thus thoroughly incorporated with the universal industrial See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union . What a nation loses for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in exchange values during the protective See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period she much more than gains in the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long run in productive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power—the temporary See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure being strictly analogous, when we place ourselves at the point of view of the life of the nation, to the cost of the industrialeducationof the individual . The practical conclusion which List See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew for Germany was that she needed for her economic progress an extended and conveniently bounded territory reaching to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast both on See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and a vigorous expansion of manufactures and commerce, and that the way to the latter See also:

• LAY

lay through judicious protective legislation with a customs union domprising all German lands, and a German marine with a Navigation See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act . The national German spirit, striving after independence and power through union, and the national industry, awaking from its lethargy and eager to recover lost ground, were favourable to the success of List's See also:

• BOOK

book, and it produced a See also:

• GREAT

great sensation . He ably represented the tendencies and demands of his time in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; his work had the effect of fixing the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, not merely of the speculative and See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official classes, but of practical men generally, on questions of See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy; and his ideas were undoubtedly the economic See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of modern Germany, as applied by the practical See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck .

See See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of List by See also:

• GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN (1802-1866)

Goldschmidt (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1878) and Jentsch (Berlin, 1901), also Fr . List, ein Vorlaufer and ein Opfer See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur das Vaterland (Anon., 2 vols., See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1877) ; M . E . Hirst's Life of See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich List (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1909) contains a bibliography and a reprint of List's Outlines of American Political Economy (1827) .