atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 7•oo See also:

• atomic weight 7•oo LITHIUM [symbol Li (0=16)]

LITHIUM [See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol Li (0=16)]  , an See also:

• ALKALI

alkali See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, discovered in 1817 by J . A . Arfvedson (See also:

• ANN

Ann. chim. phys . TO, p . 82) . It is only found in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination, and is a constituent of the minerals See also:

• PETALITE

petalite, triphyline, See also:

• SPODUMENE

spodumene and See also:

• LEPIDOLITE

lepidolite or lithia See also:

• MICA

mica . It occurs in small quantities in See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, See also:

• RIVER

river and See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

• WATER

water, and is also widely but very sparingly distributed throughout the See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . It may be obtained (in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of its chloride) by fusing lepidolite with a mixture of See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium carbonate and sulphate, and See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium sulphate (L . Troost, Comptes rendus, 1856, 43, p . 921) . The fused See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass separates into two layers, the upper of which contains a mixture of potassium and See also:

• LITHIUM [symbol Li, atomic weight 7•oo (0=16)]

lithium sulphates; this is lixiviated with water and converted into the mixed chlorides by adding barium chloride, the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution evaporated and the lithium chloride extracted by a mixture of dry See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether . The metal may be obtained by See also:

• HEATING

heating dry lithium hydroxide with See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium (H .

N . See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren, Chem . See also:

• NEWS

News, 1896, 74, p . 6) . L . Kahlenberg (Jour. phys . Chem., 3, p . 6or) obtained it by electrolysing the chloride in See also:

• PYRIDINE

pyridine solution, a See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon anode and an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron or See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum See also:

• CATHODE

cathode being used . O . See also:

• RUFF

Ruff and O . Johannsen (Zeit. elektrochem., 1906, 55, p . 537) electrolyse a mixture of bromide and chloride which melts at 5200 .

It is a soft, silvery- ' See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen in C.I.L. x . 343 does not accept this statement, but an inscription found in 1885 confirms it.See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white metal, which readily tarnishes on exposure . Its specific gravity is 0-59, and it melts at 18o° C . It See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns on ignition in See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, and when strongly heated in an See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen it forms lithium nitride, Li3N . It decomposes water at See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary temperature, liberating See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen and forming lithium hydroxide . Lithium hydride, LiH, obtained by heating the metal in a current of hydrogen at a red See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, or by heating the metal with See also:

• ETHYLENE, or ETHENE, C2H4

ethylene to 700° C . (M . Guntz, Comptes rendus, 1896, 122, p . 244; 123, p . 1273). is a white solid which inflames when heated in See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine . With alcohol it forms lithium ethylate, LiOC2H,, with liberation of hydrogen . Lithium See also:

• OXIDE

oxide, Li2O, is obtained by burning the metal in See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen, or by ignition of the nitrate .

It is a white See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder which readily dissolves in water to form the hydroxide, LiOH, which is also obtained by boiling the carbonate with See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime . It forms a white See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic mass, resembling See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium hydroxide in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . It absorbs carbon dioxide, but is not deliquescent . Lithium chloride LiCI, prepared by heating the metal in chlorine, or by dissolving the oxide or carbonate in hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, is exceedingly deliquescent, melts below a red heat, and is very soluble in alcohol . Lithium carbonate, Li2CO3, obtained as a white amorphous precipitate by adding sodium carbonate to a solution of lithium chloride, is sparingly soluble in water . Lithium phosphate, Li3PO4, obtained by the addition of sodium phosphate to a soluble lithium See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt in the presence of sodium hydroxide, is almost insoluble in water . Lithium ammonium, LiNH3, is obtained by passing See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia See also:

• GAS

gas over lithium, the product being heated to 7o° C. in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to expel any excess of ammonia . It turns See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown-red on exposure to air, and is inflammable . It is decomposed by water evolving hydrogen, and when heated in vacuo at 50°-6o° C. it gives lithium and ammonia . With ammonia solution it gives hydrogen and lithiamide, LiNH2 (H .. See also:

• MOISSAN, HENRI (1852-1907)

Moissan, ibid., 1898, 127, p . 685) .

Lithium See also:

• CARBIDE

carbide, Li2C2, obtained by heating lithium carbonate and carbon in the electric See also:

• FURNACE

furnace, forms a transparent crystalline mass of specific gravity 1.65, and is readily decomposed by See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold water giving See also:

• ACETYLENE

acetylene (H . Moissan, ibid., 1896, 122, p . 362) . Lithium is detected by the faint yellow See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• WAVE

wave-length 6104, and the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red line of wave-length 6708, shown in its See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame spectrum . It may be distinguished from sodium and potassium by the sparing solubility of its carbonate and phosphate . The atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of lithium was determined by J . S . See also:

• STAS, JEAN SERVAIS (1813–1891)

Stas from the See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the chloride, and also by See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the chloride into the nitrate, the value obtained being 7.03 (0 =16) . The preparations of lithium used in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine are: Lithii Carbonis, dose 2 to 5 grs . ; Lithii Citras, dose 5 to 10 grs . ; and Lithii Citras effervescens, a mixture of citric acid, lithium citrate, tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate, dose 6o to 120 grs . Lithium salts render the urine alkaline and are in virtue of their See also:

• ACTION

action diuretic .

They are much prescribed for acute or chronic See also:

• GOUT

gout, and as a solvent to uric acid calculi or See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, but their action as a solvent of uric acid has been certainly overrated, as it has been shown that the addition of medicinal doses of lithium to the See also:

• BLOOD

blood serum does not increase the solubility of uric acid in it . In concentrated or large doses lithium salts cause vomiting and See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea, due to a gastro-See also:

• ENTERITIS (Gr. Evrepov, intestine)

enteritis set up by their action . In medicinal use they should therefore be always freely diluted .