See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever, Ger. See also:

• LEBER, JEAN MICHEL CONSTANT (178o-1859)

Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and See also:

• LAT

Lat. jecur)  , in See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, a large reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive gland situated in the upper and right See also:

• PART

part of the abdominal cavity . When hardened in situ its shape is that of a right-angled, triangular See also:

• PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism showing five surfaces—See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, anterior, inferior, posterior and right lateral which represents the See also:

• BASE

base of the prism . It weighs about three pounds or one-fortieth of the See also:

• BODY

body See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . Although the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver is a fairly solid See also:

• ORGAN

organ, it is plastic, and moulds itself to even hollow neighbouring viscera rather than they to it . The superior See also:

• SURFACE

surface is in contact with the See also:

• DIAPHRAGM (Gr. Scat/pay,aa, a partition)

diaphragm, but has peritoneum between (see COELOM AND SEROUS MEMBRANES) . At its posterior margin the peritoneum of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SAC

sac is reflected on to the diaphragm to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the anterior layer of the coronary See also:

• LIGAMENT (Lat. ligamentum, from ligare, to bind)

ligament . Near the See also:

• MID

mid See also:

• LINE

line of the body, and at right angles to the last, another reflection, the falciform ligament, runs forward, and the line of See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment of this indicates the junction of the right and See also:

• LEFT

left lobes of the liver . The anterior surface is in contact with the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall . The attachment of the falciform ligament is continued down it . The posterior surface is more complicated (see fig . 1); starting from the right and working toward the left, a large triangular See also:

• AREA

area, uncovered by peritoneum and in See also:

• DIRECT

direct contact with the diaphragm, is seen . This is bounded on the left by the inferior vena cava, which is sunk into a deep groove in the liver, and into the upper part of this the hepatic See also:

• VEINS

veins open .

Just to the right of this and at the See also:

• LOWER

lower part of the See also:

• BARE

bare area is a triangular depression for the right supra-renal body . To the left of the vena cava is the Spigelian See also:

• LOBE

lobe, which lies in front of the bodies of the tenth and See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh thoracic vertebrae, the lesser sac of peritoneum, diaphragm and thoracic aorta intervening . To the left of this is the fissure for the ductus venosus, and to the left of this again, the left lobe, in which a broad shallow groove for the See also:

• OESOPHAGUS (Gr. o'lvca=I will carry, and r/)ayeiv, to eat)

oesophagus may usually be seen . Sometimes the left lobe stretches as far as the left abdominal wall, but more often it ends below the See also:

• APEX

apex of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, which is 3z in. to the left of the mid line of the body . The relations of the lower surface can only be understood if it is realized that it looks backward and to the left as well as downward (see fig . 1) . Again starting from the right See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, two impressions are seen; the anterior one is for the hepatic flexure of the See also:

• COLON
• COLON (formerly known as ASPINWALL)

colon, and the posterior for the upper part of the right See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney . To the left of the See also:

• COLIC (from the Gr. K6Aov or KwAov, the large intestine)

colic impression is a smaller one for the second part of the duodenum . Next comes the See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder, a See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear-shaped bag, the fundus of which is in front and below, the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck behind and above . From the neck passes the cystic duct, which is often See also:

• TWISTED

twisted into the form of an S . To the left of the gall bladder is the quadrate lobe, which is in contact with the pylorus of the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach . To the left of this is the left lobe of the liver, separated from the quadrate lobe by the umbilical fissure in which lies the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round ligament of the liver, the remains of the umbilical vein of the foetus .

Sometimes this fissure is partly turned into a See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of liver substance known as the pons hepatis . Yvt . 26The under surface of the left lobe is See also:

• CONCAVE

concave for the interior surface of the stomach (see ALIMENTARY See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

CANAL: Stomach Chamber), while a convexity, known as the tuber omentale, fits into the lesser curvature of that organ . The posterior boundary of the quadrate lobe is the transverse fissure, which is little more than an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and more than See also:

• HALF

half an inch wide . This fissure represents the hilum of the liver, and contains the right and left hepatic ducts and the right and left branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein, together with nerves and lymphatics, the whole being enclosed in some condensed subperitoneal See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue known as Glisson's See also:

• CAPSULE (from the Lat. capsula, a small box)

capsule . Behind the transverse fissure the lower end of the Spigelian lobe is seen as a knob called the tuber papillare, and from the right of this a narrow bridge runs forward and to the right to join the Spigelian lobe to the right Vena cava in its fossa lobe and to shut off the transverse fissure from that for the vena cava . This is the caudate lobe . The right surface of the liver is covered with peritoneum and is in contact with the diaphragm, outside which are the pleura and lower ribs . From its lower margin the right lateral ligament is reflected on to the diaphragm . A similar See also:

• FOLD

fold passes from the tip of the left lobe as the left lateral ligament, and both these are the lateral margins of the coronary ligament . Sometimes, especially in See also:

• WOMEN

women, a See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue-shaped See also:

• PROJECTION

projection downward of the right lobe is found, known as Riedel's lobe; it is of clinical See also:

• INTEREST

interest as it may be mistaken for a See also:

• TUMOUR (Lat. tumor, a swelling)

tumour or floating kidney (see C . H .

See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

Leaf, Proc: Anat . See also:

• SOC

Soc., See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1899; Journ . Anat. and Phys. vol . 33, p. ix.) . The right and left hepatic ducts, while still in the transverse fissure, unite into a single duct which joins the cystic duct from the gall bladder at an acute See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle . When these have See also:

• UNITED

united the II Gall bladder Duodenal impression Colic impression From A . See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham's See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text-See also:

• BOOK

book of Anatomy . End of right suprarenal vein Suprarenal impression I Right end of caudate lobe Uncovered area of right lobe Renal impression Attachment of right lateral ligament duct is known as the See also:

• COMMON

common bile duct, and runs down to the second part of the duodenum (see ALIMENTARY CANAL) . See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

Minute Structure of the Liver.—The liver is made up of an enormous number of lobules of a conical form (see fig . 3) . If the portal vein is followed from the transverse fissure; it will be seen to See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch and re-branch until minute twigs called interlobular veins (fig . 2, i) ramify around the lobules .

From these intralobular capillaries run toward the centre of the lobule, forming a network among the polygonal hepatic cells . On reaching the core of the conical lobule they are collected into a central or intralobular vein (fig . 2, c) which unites with other similar ones to form a sublobular vein (fig . 3, s) . These eventually reach the hepatic radicles, and so the See also:

• BLOOD

blood is conducted into the vena cava . In See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man the lobules are not distinctly separated one from the other, but in some animals, e.g. the See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig, each one has a fibrous sheath derived from Glisson's capsule(fig . 3, CO . See also:

• EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology.—The liver first appears as an entodermal hollow See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal outgrowth from the duodenum into the ventral mesentery . The upper part of this forms the future liver, and grows up into the septum transversum from which the central part of the diaphragm is formed (see DIA PH RAGM) . From the cephalic part of this See also:

• PRIMARY

primary diverticulum solid rods of cells called the hepatic cylinders grow out, and these branch again and again until a cellular network is formed surrounding and breaking up the umbilical and vitelline veins . The liver cells, therefore, are entodermal, but the supporting connective tissue mesodermal from the septum transversum . The lower (caudal) part of the furrow-like outgrowth remains hollow and forms the gall bladder .

At first the liver is em-bedded in the septum transversum, but later the diaphragm and it are constricted off one from the other, and soon the liver becomes very large and fills the greater part of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen . At See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth it is proportionately much larger than in the adult, and forms one-eighteenth instead of one-fortieth of the body weight, the right and left lobes being nearly equal in See also:

• SIZE

size . See also:

• COMPARATIVE

Comparative Anatomy.—In the See also:

• ACRANIA

Acrania (See also:

• AMPHIOXUS, or LANCELET

Amphioxus) the liver is probably represented by a single ventral See also:

• DIVER

diver- ticulum from the anterior end of the See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine, which has a hepatic portal circula- tion and secretes digestive fluid . In all the Craniata a solid liver is See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . In the adult See also:

• LAMPREY

lamprey among the See also:

• CYCLOSTOMATA, or MARSIPOBRANCHII

Cyclostomata the liver under- 3.-See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

Vertical See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section through two goes retrogression, and the hepatic lobules of a pig. bile ducts and gall bladder disappear, though they are See also:

• PRESENT

present in the larval form (Ammocoetes) . In fishes and amphibians the organ consists of right and left lobes, and a gall-bladder is present . The same description applies to the See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles, but a curious See also:

• NET

net-See also:

• WORK

work of cystic ducts is found in See also:

• SNAKES

snakes and to a less extent in crocodiles . In the Varanidae (Monitors) the hepatic duct is also retiform (see F . E . Beddard, Proc . Zool . Soc., 1888, p .

105) . In birds two lobes are also present, but in some of them, e.g. the See also:

• PIGEON

pigeon, there is no gall-bladder . In mammals See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

Flower pointed out that a generalized type of liver exists, from which that of any mammal may be derived by suppression or See also:

• FUSION

fusion of lobes . The accompanying See also:

• DIAGRAM

diagram of Flower (fig . 4) represents an ideal mammalian liver . It will be seen that the umbilical fissure (u) divides the organ into right and left halves, as in the lower vertebrates, but that the ventral part of each half is divided into a central and lateral lobe . Passing from right to left there are therefore: right lateral (rl), right central (See also:

• RC(:N•OH)R'-RC(OH)

rc), left central (lc), and left lateral (II) lobes . The gall-bladder (g), when it is present, is always situated on the caudal surface or in the substance of the right central lobe . The Spigelian (s) and caudate lobes (c) belong to the right half of the liver, the latter being usually a leaf-shaped lobe attached by its stalk to the Spigelian, and having its blade flattened between the right lateral lobe and the right kidney . The vena cava (vc) is always found to the right of the Spigelian lobe and dorsal to the stalk of the caudate . In tracing the lobulation of man's liver back to this generalized type, it is evident at once that his quadrate lobe does not correspond to any one generalized lobe, but is merely that part of the right central which lies between the gall bladder and the umbilical fissure . From a careful study of human See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations (see A .

See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson, Journ . Anat. and Phys. vol . 33, p . 546) compared with an Anthropoid liver, such as that of the See also:

• GORILLA (or PoNGO)

gorilla, depicted by W . H . L . See also:

• DUCKWORTH, SIR JOHN THOMAS (1748-1817)

Duckworth (See also:

• MORPHOLOGY, (Gr. yopdsil, form)

Morphology and Anthro- u, Umbilical vein of the foetus, rlf,The right lateral fissure. represented by the round cf, The cystic fissure. ligament in the adult, lying 11, The left lateral lobe . in the umbilical fissure. lc, The left central lobe . dv, The ductus venosus. rc, The right central lobe . vc, The inferior vena cava. rl, The right lateral lobe. p, The vena portae entering the s, The Spigelian lobe . transverse fissure. c, The caudate lobe . llf, The left lateral fissure. g, The gall bladder .

See also:

• POLOGY

pology, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1904, p . 98), it is fairly clear that the human liver is formed, not by a suppression of any of the lobes of the generalized type, but by a fusion of those lobes and obliteration of certain fissures . This fusion is, probably correctly, attributed by See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith to the effect of pressure following the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of the erect position (Keith, Proc . Anat . Soc. of Gt . See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, Journ . Anat. and Phys. vol . 33, p. xii.) . The accom- panying diagram (fig . 5) shows an abnormal human liver in the Anatomical See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital which reproduces the generalized type . In its lobulation it is singularly like, in many details, that of the See also:

• BABOON (from the Fr. babuin, which is itself derived from Babon, the Egyptian deity to whom it was sacred)

baboon (Papio See also:

• MAIMON, SALOMON (1754—1800)

maimon) figured by G . See also:

• RUGE, ARNOLD (18o2—188o)

Ruge (Morph .

Jahrb., Bd . 35, p . 197); see F . G . See also:

• PARSONS
• PARSONS (or PERSONS), ROBERT (1546-161o)
• PARSONS, THEOPHILUS (1750-1813)

Parsons, Proc . Anat . Soc., Feb . 1904, Journ . Anat. and Phys. vol . 33, p. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . Georg Ruge " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die ausseren Formverhaltnisse der See also:

• LEBER, JEAN MICHEL CONSTANT (178o-1859)

Leber bei den Primaten," (Morph . Jahrb., Bd .

29 and 35) gives a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical study of the See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate liver, and among other things suggests the re-See also:

• COGNITION (Latin cognitio, from cognoscere, to become acquainted with)

cognition of the Spigelian and caudate lobes as parts of a single lobe, for which he proposes the name of lobus venae cavac . This doubtless would be an See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage morphologically, though for human descriptive anatomy the present nomenclature is not likely to be altered . The gall-bladder is usually present in mammals, but is wanting in the See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd-toed ungulates (See also:

• PERISSODACTYLA (i.e. odd-toed)

Perissodactyla) and Procavia (Hyrax) . In the See also:

• GIRAFFE

giraffe it may be absent or present . The See also:

• CETACEA
• CETACEA (from the Gr. ,Eros, a whale)

cetacea and a few rodents are also without it . In the See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter the same curious network of bile ducts already recorded in the reptiles is seen (see P . H . Burne, Proc . Anat . Soc., Journ . Anat. and Phys. vol . 33, p. xi.) .

(F . G .